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Mathematics and Science

Numerals and arithmetic in the Middle Ages: by Burnett, Charles (Charles S. F.), Publication date 2010

The abacus of Echternach in ca. 1000 A.D. -- Abbon de Fleury, abaci doctor -- Algorismi vel helcep decentior est diligentia : the arithmetic of Adelard of Bath and his circle -- Ten or forty? A confusing numerical symbol in the Middle Ages -- Indian numerals in the Mediterranean basin in the twelfth century, with special references to the eastern forms -- The use of Arabic numberals among the three language cultures of Norman Sicily -- Why we read Arabic numerals backwards -- The Toledan regule (Liber alchorismi, part II): a twelfth-century arithmetical miscellany / with Ji-Wei Zhao and Kurt Lampe -- Learning Indian arithmetic in the early thirteenth century -- Latin alphanumerical notation, and annotation in Italian, in the twelfth century: MS London, British Library, Harley 5402 -- Fibonacci's method of the Indians

A history of mathematics: by Boyer, Carl B. (Carl Benjamin), Publication date 1991

1. Origins -- The concept of number -- Early number bases -- Number language and the origin of counting -- Origin of geometry -- 2. Egypt -- Early records -- Hieroglyphic notation -- Ahmes papyrus -- Unit fractions -- Arithmetic operations -- Algebraic problems -- Geometric problems -- A trigonometric ratio -- Moscow papyrus -- Mathematical weaknesses -- 3. Mesopotamia -- Cuneiform records -- Positional numeration -- Sexagesimal fractions -- Fundamental operations -- Algebraic problems -- Quadratic equations -- Cubic equations -- Pythagorean triads -- Polygonal areas -- Geometry as applied arithmetic -- Mathematical weaknesses -- 4. Ionia and the Pythagoreans -- Greek origins -- Thales of Miletus -- Pythagoras of Samos -- The Pythagorean pentagram -- Number mysticism -- Arithmetic and cosmology -- Figurate numbers -- Proportions -- Attic numeration -- Ionian numeration -- Arithmetic and logistic

5. The Heroic Age -- Centers of activity -- Anaxagoras as Clazomenae -- Three famous problems -- Quadrature of lunes -- Continued proportions -- Hippias of Elis -- Philolaus and Archytas of Tarentum -- Duplication of the cube -- Incommensurability -- The golden section -- Paradoxes of Zeno -- Deductive reasoning -- Geometric algebra -- Democritus of Abdera -- 6. The age of Plato and Aristotle -- The seven liberal arts -- Socrates -- Platonic solids -- Theodorus of Cyrene -- Platonic arithmetic and geometry -- Origin of analysis -- Eudoxus of Cnidus -- Method of exhaustion -- Mathematical astronomy -- Menaechmus -- Duplication of the cube -- Dinostratus and the squaring of the circle -- Autolycus of Pitane -- Aristotle -- End of the Hellenic period -- 7. Euclid of Alexandria -- Author of the Elements -- Other works -- Purpose of the Elements -- Definitions and postulates -- Scope of Book I -- Geometric algebra -- Books III and IV -- Theory of proportion -- Theory of numbers -- Prime and perfect numbers -- Incommensurability -- Solid geometry -- Apocrypha -- Influence of the Elements

8. Archimedes of Syracuse -- The siege of Syracuse -- Law of the lever -- The hydrostatic principle -- The Sand-Reckoner -- Measurement of the circle -- Angle trisection -- Area of a parabolic segment -- Volume of a paraboloidal segment -- Segment of a sphere -- On the sphere and cylinder -- Books of Lemmas -- Semiregular solids and trigonometry -- The Method -- Volume of a sphere -- Recovery of The Method -- 9. Apollonius of Perga -- Lost works -- Restoration of lost works -- The problem of Apollonius -- Cycles and epicycles -- The Conics -- Names of the conic sections -- The double-napped cone -- Fundamental properties -- Conjugate diameters -- Tangents and harmonic division -- The three- and four-line locus -- Intersecting conics -- Maxima and minima, tangents and normals -- Similar conics -- Foci of conics -- Use of coordinates -- 10. Greek trigonometry and mensuration -- Early trigonometry -- Aristarchus of Samos -- Eratosthenes of Cyrene -- Hipparchus of Necaea -- Menelaus of Alexandria -- Ptolemy's Almagest -- The 360-degree circle -- Construction of tables -- Ptolemaic astronomy -- Other works by Ptolemy -- Optics and astronomy -- Heron of Alexandria -- Principle of least distance -- Decline of Greek mathematics --

11. Revival and decline of Greek mathematics -- Applied mathematics -- Diophantus of Alexandria -- Nicomachus of Gerasa -- The Arithmetica of Diophantus -- Diophantine problems -- The place of Diophantus in algebra -- Pappus of Alexandria -- The Collection -- Theorems of Pappus -- The Pappus problem -- The Treasury of analysis -- The Pappus-Guldin theorems -- Proclus of Alexandria -- Boethius -- End of the Alexandrian period -- The Greek anthology -- Byzantine mathematicians of the sixth century -- 12. China and India -- The oldest documents -- The Nine chapters -- Magic squares -- Rod numerals -- The abacus and decimal fractions -- Values of pi -- Algebra and Horner's method -- Thirteenth-century mathematicians -- The arithmetic triangle -- Early mathematics in India -- The Sulvasåutras -- The Siddhåantas -- Aryabhata -- Hindu numerals -- The symbol for zero -- Hindu trigonometry -- Hindu multiplication -- Long division -- Brahmagupta -- Brahmagupta's formula -- Indeterminate equations -- Bhaskara -- The Lilavati -- Ramanujan

13. The Arabic hegemony -- Arabic conquests -- The House of Wisdom -- Al-jabr -- Quadratic equations -- The father of algebra -- Geometric foundation -- Algebraic problems -- A problem from Heron -- 'Abd al-Hamid ibn-Turk -- Thabit ibn-Qurra -- Arabic numerals -- Arabic trigonometry -- Abu'l-Wefa and al-Karkhi -- Al-Biruni and Alhazen -- Omar Khayyam -- The parallel postulate -- Nasir Eddin -- Al-Kashi -- 14. Europe in the Middle Ages -- From Asia to Europe -- Byzantine mathematics -- The Dark Ages -- Alcuin and Gerbert -- The century of translation -- The spread of Hindu-Arabic numerals -- The Liber abaci -- The Fibonacci sequence -- A solution of a cubic equation -- Theory of numbers and geometry -- Jordanus Nemorarius -- Campanus of Novara -- Learning in the thirteenth century -- Medieval kinematics -- Thomas Bradwardine -- Nicole Oresme -- The latitute of forms -- Infinite series -- Decline of medieval learning

15. The Renaissance -- Humanism -- Nicholas of Cusa -- Regiomontanus -- Application of algebra to geometry -- A transitional figure -- Nicolas Chuquet's Triparty -- Luca Pacioli's Summa -- Leonardo da Vinci -- Germanic algebras -- Cardan's Ars magna -- Solution of the cubic equation -- Ferrari's solution of the quartic equation -- Irreducible cubics and complex numbers -- Robert Recorde -- Nicholas Copernicus -- Georg Joachim Rheticus -- Pierre de la Ramâee -- Bombelli's Algebra -- Johannes Werner -- Theory of perspective -- Cartography -- 16. Prelude to modern mathematics -- Franðcois Viáete -- Concept of a parameter -- The analytic art -- Relations between roots and coefficients -- Thomas Harriot and William Oughtred -- Horner's method again -- Trigonometry and prosthaphaeresis -- Trigonometric solution of equations -- John Napier -- Invention of logarithms -- Henry Briggs -- Jobst Bèurgi -- Applied mathematics and decimal fractions -- Algebraic notations -- Galileo Galilei -- Values of pi -- Reconstruction of Apollonius' On Tangencies -- Infinitesimal analysis -- Johannes Kepler -- Galileo's Two new sciences -- Galileo and the infinite -- Bonaventure Cavalieri -- The spiral the and parabola

17. The time of Fermat and Descartes -- Leading mathematicians of the time -- The Discours de la mâethode -- Invention of analytic geometry -- Arithmetization of geometry -- Geometric algebra -- Classification of curves -- Rectification of curves -- Identification of conics -- Normals and tangents -- Descartes' geometric concepts -- Fermat's loci -- Higher-dimensional analytic geometry -- Fermat's differentiations -- Fermat's integrations -- Gregory of St. Vincent -- Theory of numbers -- Theorems of Fermat -- Gilles Persone de Roberval -- Evangelista Torricelli -- New curves -- Girard Desargues -- Projective geometry -- Blaise Pascal -- Probability -- The cycloid -- 18. A transitional period -- Philippe de Lahire -- Georg Mohr -- Pietro Mengoli -- Frans van Schooten -- Jan De Witt -- Johann Hudde -- Renâe Franðcois de Sluse -- The pendulum clock -- Involutes and evolutes -- John Wallis -- On conic sections -- Arithmetica infinitorum -- Christopher Wren -- Wallis' formulas -- James Gregory -- Gregory's series -- Nicolaus Mercator and William Brouncker -- Barrow's method of tangents

19. Newton and Leibniz -- Newton's early work -- The binomial theorem -- Infinite series -- The Method of fluxions -- The Principia -- Leibniz and the harmonic triangle -- The differential triangle and infinite series -- The differential calculus -- Determinants, notations, and imaginary numbers -- The algebra of logic -- The inverse square law -- Theorems on conics -- Optics and curves -- Polar and other coordinates -- Newton's method and Newton's parallelogram -- The Arithmetica universalis -- Later years -- 20. The Bernoulli era -- The Bernoulli family -- The logarithmic spiral -- Probability and infinite series -- L'Hospital's rule -- Exponential calculus -- Logarithms of negative numbers -- Petersburg paradox -- Abraham De Moivre -- De Moivre's theorem -- Roger Cotes -- James Stirling -- Colin Maclaurin -- Taylor's series -- The Analyst controversy -- Cramer's rule -- Tschirnhaus transformations -- Solid analytic geometry -- Michel Rolle and Pierre Varignon -- Mathematics in Italy -- The parallel postulate -- Divergent series

21. The age of Euler -- Life of Euler -- Notation -- Foundation of analysis -- Infinite series -- Convergent and divergent series -- Life of d'Alembert -- The Euler identities -- D'Alembert and limits -- Differential equations -- The Clairauts -- The Riccatis -- Probability -- Theory of numbers -- Textbooks -- Synthetic geometry -- Solid analytic geometry -- Lambert and the parallel postulate -- Bâezout and elimination -- 22. Mathematicians of the French Revolution -- The age of revolutions -- Leading mathematicians -- Publications before 1789 -- Lagrange and determinants -- Committee on Weights and Measures -- Condorcet on education -- Monge as administrator and teacher -- Descriptive geometry and analytic geometry -- Textbooks -- Lacroix on analytic geometry -- The organizer of victory -- Metaphysics of the calculus and geometry -- Gâeomâetrie de position -- Transversals -- Legendre's Geometry -- Elliptic integrals -- Theory of numbers -- Theory of functions -- Calculus of variations -- Lagrange multipliers -- Laplace and probability -- Celestial mechanics and operators -- Political changes

23. The time of Gauss and Cauchy -- Nineteenth-century overview -- Gauss: early work -- Number theory -- Reception of the Disquisitiones arithmeticae -- Gauss's contributions to astronomy -- Gauss's middle years -- The beginnings of differential geometry -- Gauss's later work -- Paris in the 1820s -- Cauchy -- Gauss and Cauchy compared -- Non-Euclidean geometry -- Abel and Jacobi -- Galois -- Diffusion -- Reforms in England and Prussia -- 24. Geometry -- The school of Monge -- Projective geometry : Poncelet and Chasles -- Synthetic metric geometry : Steiner -- Synthetic nonmetric geometry : von Staudt -- Analytic geometry -- Riemannian geometry -- Spaces of higher dimensions -- Felix Klein -- Post-Riemannian algebraic geometry -- 25. Analysis -- Berlin and Gèottingen at mid-century -- Riemann in Gèottingen -- Mathematical physics in Germany -- Mathematical physics in the English-speaking countries -- Weierstrass and students -- The arithmetization of analysis -- Cantor and Dedekind -- Analysis in France

26. Algebra -- Introduction -- British algebra and the operational calculus of functions -- Boole and the algebra of logic -- De Morgan -- Hamilton -- Grassmann and Ausdehnungslehre -- Cayley and Sylvester -- Linear associative algebras -- Algebraic geometry -- Algebraic and arithmetic integers -- Axioms of arithmetic -- 27. Poincarâe and Hilbert -- Turn-of-the-century overview -- Poincarâe -- Mathematical physics and other applications -- Topology -- Other fields and legacy -- Hilbert -- Invariant theory -- Hilbert's Zahlbericht -- The foundations of geometry -- The Hilbert problems -- Hilbert and analysis -- Waring's problem and Hilbert's work after 1909

8. Aspects of the twentieth century -- General overview -- Integration and measure -- Functional analysis and general topology -- Algebra -- Differential geometry and tensor analysis -- The 1930s and World War II -- Probability -- Homological algebra and category theory -- Bourbaki -- Logic and computing -- Future outlook -- References -

Documents that changed the way we live: by Janes, Joseph, author. Publication date 2017.

Gregorian Calendar, 1582/Gutenberg Indulgence, 1454 -- Exaltation of Inanna, c2300 BCE -- Rosetta Stone, 196 BCE -- Donation of Constantine, c750 -- Liber Abaci (Arabic numerals), 1202 -- Annals of the world, 1650 -- Philosophical transactions, 1665 -- The Riot Act, 1714 -- Declaration of Independence deleted passage, 1776 -- What is the Third Estate?, 1789 -- The Star-Spangled Banner, 1814 -- Webster's Dictionary, 1828 -- The Book of Mormon, 1830 -- First women's college diploma, 1840 -- John Snow's cholera map, 1854 -- Rules of Association Football (soccer), 1863 -- Alaska Purchase check, 1868 -- Robert's Rules of Order, 1876 -- Alfred Nobel's will, 1895 -- First x-ray, 1895 -- Fannie Farmer Cook Book, 1896 -- The protocols of the elders of Zion, c1900 -- IQ test, 1905 -- Zimmerman Telegram, 1917 -- The Nineteenth Amendment, 1920 -- Statistical significance, 1925 -- Stock Market ticker tape, 1929 -- Richter Scale, 1935 -- Einstein's letter to Roosevelt, 1939 -- FDR and Thanksgiving, 1939 -- Letters of transit, 1942 -- We can do it! poster, 1943 -- Joseph McCarthy's list, 1950 -- Mental disorder diagnosis manual, 1952 -- Airplane "black box," 1958 -- Space Needle sketch, 1959 -- Obama birth certificate, 1961 -- Zapruder film, 1963 -- Quotations of Chairman Mao, 1965 -- The 18 1/2 minute gap, 1972 -- Internet Protocol, 1981 -- Vietnam Veterans Memorial, 1982 -- Aids quilt, 1987 -- Nupedia, 2000 -- Palm Beach County butterfly ballot, 2000 -- Pope Benedict XVI's resignation, 2013

Principles Of Logic by Joyce, George Hayward, 1864-1943

CONTENTS PART I THE LOGIC OF THOUGHT CHAPTER I THE NATURE AND AIM OF LOGIC § 1. Definition of Logic ....... 1 § 2. Divisions of Logic 3 § 3. The Place of Logic in Philosophy ....... 5 § 4. Scope of Logic ....... 7 § 5. History of Logic ....... 8 Note. — Different Views as to the Scope of Logic ....... 11 CHAPTER II THE CONCEPT : THE NAME : THE TERM § 1. The Concept ....... 15 § 2. Repugnant Concepts ....... 18 § 3. Adequate, Clear and Obscure Concepts ....... 18 § 4. The Name and the Term ....... 19

§ 5. Categorematic and Syncategorematic Words ....... 19 § 6. Divisions of Terms ....... 20 § 7. Singular, General and Collective Terms ....... 21 § 8. Abstract and Concrete Terms ....... 23 § 9. Connotative and non-connotative terms ....... 25 § 10. Positive and Negative Terms ....... 31 § 11. Absolute and Relative Terms ....... 32 § 12. Terms of First and Second Intention ....... 34 § 13. Univocal, Equivocal and Analogous Terms ....... 35 § 14. Opposition of Terms ....... 36 § 15. The ' Suppositio ' of the Term ....... 37 CHAPTER III THE JUDGMENT AND THE PROPOSITION § 1. The Proposition ....... 39 § 2. Analysis of the Judgment ....... 41 § 3. Quality of Propositions ....... 46 § 4. Quantity of Propositions ....... 46 § 5. The Fourfold Scheme of Propositions ....... 50 § 6. Analytic and Synthetic Propositions ....... 51 § 7. Complex Propositions ....... 55 § 8. Compound Categorical Propositions ....... 56 § 9. Modal Propositions ....... 58

§ 10. Reduction of Propositions to Logical Form ....... 61 § 11. Hypothetical Propositions ....... 63 § 12. Disjunctive Propositions ....... 65 CHAPTER IV THE LAWS OF THOUGHT § 1. The Laws of Thought ....... 67 § 2. The Law of Contradiction ....... 69 § 3. The Law of Identity ....... 71 § 4. The Law of Excluded Middle ....... 73 § 5. Other Views as to the Source of the Laws of Thought ....... 75 CHAPTER V DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF PROPOSITIONS : OPPOSITION OF PROPOSITIONS § 1. Diagrammatic Representation of Propositions : Eulbr's Circles ....... 77 § 2. Distribution of Terms in a Proposition ....... 81 § 3. Other Methods of Diagrammatic Representation ....... 82 § 4. The Opposition of Propositions ....... 84 § 5. Opposition as a Means of Inference ....... 88 § 6. Contradictory Opposition outside the Four-fold Scheme ....... 89 § 7. Contrary Opposition outside the Fourfold Scheme ....... 90 CHAPTER VI IMMEDIATE INFERENCE § 1. Immediate Inference ....... 92 § 2. Conversio ....... 93 § 3. Aristotle's Proof of Conversion ....... 97 § 4. Equipollence or Obversion ....... 98 § 5. Contraposition ....... 99 § 6. Inversion ....... 101 § 7. Table of Results ....... 102 § 8. Other Varieties of Immediate Inference ....... 102 CHAPTER VII THE IMPORT OF PROPOSITIONS § 1. Import of Propositions : — Predicative View ....... 105 § 2. The Class-inclusion View ....... 106 § 3. The Attributive View ....... 109 § 4. Implication of Existence ....... 110 § 5. The Compartmental View ....... 116 § 6. Mr. Bradley on the Proposition ....... 117 § 7. Import of the Hypothetical Proposition ....... 119

CHAPTER VIII THE PREDICABLES § 1. The Predicables ....... 121 § 2. The Tree of Porphyry ....... 129 § 3. Aristotle's Predicables ....... 131 § 4. The Controversy on Universals ....... 132 § 5. The Universal m Modern Logic ....... 135 CHAPTER IX THE CATEGORIES § 1. The Categories in their Metaphysical Aspect ....... 137 § 2. The Categories in their Logical Aspect ....... 142 § 3. The Categories and the Sciences ....... 144 § 4. The Categordis as a Classification of Predicates ....... 145 § 5. Mill's Scheme of Categories ....... 147 § 6. The Categordxs of Kant ....... 148 § 7. The Concept of Being ....... 149 CHAPTER X DEFINITION AND DIVISION § 1. Definition ....... 150 § 2. Various Kinds of Definition ....... 152 § 3. Limits of Definition ....... 159 § 4. Rules of Definition ....... 159 § 5. Logical Division ....... 161 § 6. Rules of Division ....... 165 § 7. Division by Dichotomy ....... 167 § 8. Various Kinds of Division ....... 168

CHAPTER XI THE CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM (I) § 1. The Categorical Syllogism ....... 169 § 2. Relation of Premisses to Conclusion in regard to Truth ....... 172 § 3. General Rules of the Syllogism ....... 172 § 4. Figures and Moods of the Syllogism ....... 177 § 5. Special Rules of the Four Figures ....... 179 § 6. The Mnemonic Lines ....... 181 § 7. Reduction ....... 182 § 8. Superiority of Fig. i ....... 186 CHAPTER XII THE CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM (II) § 1. Canon of Syllogistic Reasoning ....... 187 § 2. The Fourth Figure ....... 191 § 3. Expression in Syllogistic Form ....... 193 § 4. Progressive and Regressive Syllogisms ....... 194 § 5. Validity of the Syllogism ....... 195 § 6. Mathematical Reasoning ....... 199 § 7. Inferences other than Syllogistic ....... 200 § 8. Mr. Bradley's Theory of Inference ....... 201 CHAPTER XIII HYPOTHETICAL AND DISJUNCTIVE SYLLOGISMS § 1. Mixed Hypothetical Syllogisms ....... 203 § 2. Reduction of Hypothetical Syllogisms ....... 206 § 3. The Disjunctive Syllogism ....... 207 § 4. The Dilemma ....... 209 § 5. Answering the Dilemma ....... 212 CHAPTER XIV INDUCTION § 1. The Nature of Induction ....... 215 § 2. Cause and Condition ....... 219 § 3. The Aim of Inductive Enquiry ....... 222 § 4. Recognition of the Causal Relation ....... 223 § 5. The Inductive Syllogism ....... 228 § 6. Perfect and Imperfect Induction ....... 231

CHAPTER XV THE UNIFORMITY OF NATURE § 1. The Uniformity of Nature ....... 235 § 2. J. S. Mill on the Uniformity of Nature ....... 241 § 3. "Cessante causa, cessat effectus" ....... 246 § 4. Unity of Nature ....... 248 CHAPTER XVI ENTHYMEME: SORITES: ANALOGY § 1. Enthymeme ....... 252 § 2. The Aristotelian Enthymeme ....... 253 § 3. Chains of Reasoning ....... 255 § 4. Epichirema ....... 256 § 5. Sorites ....... 257 § 6. Analogy ....... 259 CHAPTER XVII FALLACIES § 1. The Treatment of Fallacies in Logic ....... 264 § 2. What Errors are reckoned as Fallacies ....... 265 § 3. Aristotle's List of Fallacies ....... 267 § 4. Equivocation ....... 268 § 5. Amphibology ....... 269 § 6. Composition and Division ....... 270 § 7. Accent ....... 272 § 8. Figure of Speech ....... 272 § 9. Accident ....... 274 § 10. Confusion of Absolute and Qualified Statement ....... 275 § 11. Ignoratio Elenchi ....... 276 § 12. Petitio Principii ....... 278 § 13. Fallacy of the Consequent ....... 279 § 14. False Cause ....... 280 15.; Many Questions ....... 281 § 16. Mill's Classification of Fallacies ....... 282 PART II APPLIED LOGIC, OR THE METHOD OF SCIENCE CHAPTER XVIII APPLIED LOGIC AND THE LOGIC OF THOUGHT § 1. Science and Philosophy ....... 289 § 2. The Subdivisions of Philosophy ....... 293 § 3. Logic and Metaphysics ....... 298 § 4. The Breach with the Past ....... 300 § 5. Bacon ....... 304 § 6. Mill ....... 306

CHAPTER XIX OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENT § 1. The Function of Observation and Experiment ....... 310 § 2. In what Observation Consists ....... 311 § 3. Conditions of Observation ....... 313 § 4. Experiment ....... 315 § 5. Natural Experiments ....... 317 § 6. Relative Advantages of Observation and Experiment ....... 317 CHAPTER XX METHODS OF INDUCTIVE ENQUIRY § 1. The Four Experimental Methods ....... 320 § 2. Further Illustrations of the Methods ....... 325 § 3. The Function of the Methods in Proving a Law of Nature ....... 330 § 4. Criticism of Mill's Canons ....... 333 CHAPTER XXI EXPLANATION § 1. Explanation ....... 337 § 2. Explanation by Regressive Reasoning ....... 339 § 3. Explanation by Hypothetical Deduction ....... 341 § 4. Hypothetical Deduction and Induction ....... 343 § 5. Explanation as Employed by Newton ....... 344 § 6. Newton's Rules of Philosophizing ....... 349

CHAPTER XXII HYPOTHESIS § 1. Hypothesis ....... 354 § 2. Origin of Hypothesis ....... 357 § 3. Conditions of a Leghtmate Hypothesis ....... 359 § 4. Various Kinds of Hypotheses ....... 361 CHAPTER XXIII QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION: ELIMINATION OF CHANCE § 1. Measurement ....... 363 § 2. Methods of Approximation ....... 367 § 3. Chance ....... 369 § 4. Elimination of Chance ....... 372 § 5. Probability ....... 373 CHAPTER XXIV CLASSIFICATION § 1. Classification ....... 380 § 2. Artificial Classification ....... 382 § 3. The Doctrine of Natural Species ....... 384 § 4. Natural Classification ....... 389 § 5. Classification by Series ....... 393 CHAPTER XXV METHOD § 1. Scientific Method ....... 395 § 2. The Methodic Pursuit of Truth ....... 398 § 3. Philosophic Terminology ....... 400 § 4. Descartes' Rules of Method ....... 402 § 5. Leibniz's Views on Method ....... 404

The history of mathematics from antiquity to the present : a selective bibliography by Dauben, Joseph W.

General reference works. Dictionaries, encyclopedias, and bibliographies; Periodicals; Abstracting journals; Handbooks; Indexes -- Source materials. Source books; Collected papers and correspondence; Archival collections -- General histories of mathematics -- The history of mathematics : chronological periods. Ancient mathematics. Egyptian mathematics; Babylonian mathematics; Greek mathematics -- Medieval mathematics. Islamic mathematics; Indian mathematics; Hebrew mathematics; Latin West -- Renaissance mathematics -- Mathematics in the 17th century -- Mathematics in the 18th century -- Mathematics in the 19th century -- Mathematics in the 20th century

The history of mathematics: sub-disciplines. Algebra; Analysis; Computing; Differential equations; Electricity and magnetism; Geometry; Logic; Mathematical physics; Mathematics and navigation; Numbers and number theory; Numerical analysis; Mathematical optics; Potential theory; Probability and statistics; Mathematical quantum theory; Mathematics and relativity; Set theory; Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics; Topology -- The history of mathematics : selected topics. Mathematics education; History of institutions; Sociology of mathematics; Philosophy of mathematics; Regional studies. African mathematics; Chinese mathematics; Japanese mathematics -- Women in mathematics

Women and Witchcraft

Man superior to woman; or, a vindication of man's natural right of sovereign authority over the woman. Containing a plain confutation of the fallacious arguments of Sophia, in her late treatise intitled, Woman not inferior to man. ... By a gentleman. 1739. Printed for T. Cooper, at the Globe in Peter-Noster. Row. 1739.

A general history of the pyrates, : from their first rise and settlement in the Island of Providence, to the present time. With the remarkable actions and adventures of the two female pyrates Mary Read and Anne Bonny ... To which is added. A short abstract of the statute and civil law, in relation to pyracy. by Defoe, Daniel, 1661-1731; Johnson, Charles, fl. 1724-1731

Christian Myths and Superstitions

Veronica, or, The holy face of Our Lord Jesus Christ: historical notice of this signal and most holy major relic of the basilica of the Vatican: prayers and indulgences: translated from the French. Publication date 1871.

"The Holy Face, or Veronica, is one of the three great, remarkable and very holy relics which the patriarchal Basilica of St. Peter of the Vatican preserves with a jealous care, and which have been in every age of the Church, the object of the veneration of the faithful. The Veronica, is a veil, or hand-kerchief, on which is impressed the true likeness of the adorable face of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, miraculously imprinted, not produced by artificial colours, but by the divine power of God the Son made Man."

The Christian sacrament and sacrifice: by way of discourse, meditation, and prayer upon the nature, parts, and blessings, of the Holy Communion. Missale romanum; or, Depth and mystery of Roman mass: laid open and explained, for the use of both reformed and un-reformed Christians. by Brevint, Daniel, 1616-1695; Brevint, Daniel, 1616-1695. Missale romanum. 1847.

The Catholic girl's guide. Counsels and devotions for girls in the ordinary walks of life, and in particular for the Children of Mary. by Lasance, F. X. (Francis Xavier), 1860-1946, editor

CONTENTS Editor's Foreword 5 Preface 9 To the Gentle Reader 13 PART FIRST — THE MAIDEN'S WREATH. 1. The Sunflower — Faith. CHAPTER I. How Great a Blessing Is the True Faith 29 II. Keep the Faith 33 III. Whose is this Image? 37 IV. Be Vigilant 41 2. The Ivy — Hope. V. Hope in the Lord 46 VI. God Doeth All Things Well 50 VII. The Blessed Fruits of Patience 54 VIII. Weep Not! 58 3. The Peony — Love of God. IX. Sursum Corda! Lift up Your Hearts! 62 X. Let the Love of God Dwell in Your Heart 67 XI. The Miracle of Love 72 XII. Love upon the Altar 76 XIII. In the Bright Days of Youth 80 4. The Rose — Love of Our Neighbor. XIV. Kindheartedness 85 XV. Honor thy Father and thy Mother 89 XVI. An Earnest of Future Blessings 93 XVII. The Ambassadors of Christ 98 XVIII. What Friendship Ought to Be 102 XIX. It is Difficult yet not Impossible 107 5.

The Carnation — Obedience. XX. Our Great Exemplar 111 XXI. A Careful Mother 115 XXII. Obedience the Christian's Ornament 120 XXIII. Some Objections Which May Be Urged 123 6. The Forget-me-not — Piety. XXIV. The Real Flower 128 XXV. "Remember Thy Last End" 132 XXVI. "One Thing is Necessary" 136 XXVII. Do Not Imitate Eve 140 XXVIII. Imitate Mary 145 XXIX. A Ladder to Heaven 149 XXX. A Fount of Healing 154 XXXI. Is Confession Difficult? 159 XXXII. The Table of the Lord 163 XXXIII. The Robe of Piety. 168 7. The Violet — Humility. XXXIV. The Maiden's Ornament 173 XXXV. Humility is Essential to Salvation 177 XXXVI. The Fruits of Humility 182 8. The Daffodil — Industry. XXXVII. The Value of Work. 187 XXXVIII. Love of Work 191 XXXIX. Away from Home 195 9. The Narcissus — Truthfulness. XL. False Prophets 199 XLI. Truth Before All 203 XLII. Let Your Speech Be Always with Charity 208 XLIII. There Is no Great Harm in It! 212 XLIV. Calumny and Contempt 216

XLV. Sins Committed by Hearing 220 XLVI. A Small, but Dangerous Member 225 PART SECOND — A WREATH OF LILIES. 1. The Lily in Untarnished Splendor. XLVII. How Beautiful Is the Chaste Generation! 233 XLVIII. Blessed Are the Clean of Heart 237 XLIX. Fight and Conquer 241 L. Take Courage! 245 2. The Lily and Her Enemies. LI. The Enemy in Our Own Heart 249 LII. The Enemy in Human Shape 253 LIII. The Enemy in Finery and External Attractions 257 LIV. The Enemy in Our Eyes 261 LV. The Enemy in What We Hear and Read 264 LVI. The Enemy in the Ballroom 268 LVII. The Enemy in the Theatre 272 3. The Faded Lily. LVIII. What a Misfortune! 275 LIX. The Consequences of That Misfortune 278 LX. The Lily Fades! To What an End Does this Lead! 281 4. The Lily Protected and Cared for. LXI. The Sentinels Who Guard the Lily of Chastity 284 LXII. Sunshine; 288 LXIII. Celestial Dew 292 LXIV. A Mother's Care 296 PART THIRD — AT THE PARTING OF THE WAYS. 1. Which Is My Path? LXV. The Decision to Be Made 303 LXVI. Useful Advice 307 LXVII. The Means to Make a Wise Choice 311 2. The Married State. LXVIII. Ought I to Marry? 316

LXIX. Whom Should I Marry? 320 LXX. The Time of Courtship 324 LXXI. Marry a Catholic 327 LXXII. Are Mixed Marriages Happy? 331 LXXIII. The Conditions Under Which the Church Tolerates Mixed Marriages 336 3. The Religious State. LXXIV. The Happiness of a Religious Vocation 339 LXXV. The Sacrifices of a Religious Vocation 344 LXXVI. The Signs of a Religious Vocation 349 4. Unmarried Life in the World. LXXVII. The Value of Virginity 354 LXXVIII. The So-called "Old Maids" 357 PART FOURTH — FAMILY LIFE. 1. Religion the Foundation of Family Life LXXIX. The Happiness of Family Life 367 LXXX. The Safeguard of Family Life 371 LXXXI. The Peace of Family Life 374 2. The Religious Education of Children. LXXXII. Happiness or Misery 378 LXXXIII. Begin the Work Early 382 LXXXIV. The Principal Factors and Supports in the Training of a Child 385 LXXXV. Studies: Higher Education. 389 LXXXVI. The Blessing from Above 395 3. The Housewife's Adorning. LXXXVII. Beautiful Apparel 399 LXXXVIII. Gold Ornaments 403 LXXXIX. Diamonds 407 XC. Precious Stones 410 PART FIFTH — A FEW CONCLUDING WORDS. XCI. Farewell 419

A Rule of Life 423 The Art of Being Happy 426 BOOK II. DEVOTIONS. PART FIRST. DAILY PRAYERS. 435 Morning Prayers 435 Morning Offering of the Apostleship of Prayer 436 Short Act of Consecration before a Picture of the Sacred Heart 437 Acts of Faith, Hope, and Love 438 Prayer before Instruction 438 Prayer after Instruction 438 Grace before Meals 439 Grace after Meals 439 Indulgenced Aspirations and Short Prayers 440 Evening Prayers 451 Prayers to Obtain a Good Death 452 DEVOTIONS FOR MASS 455 A Method of Assisting at the holy Sacrifice of the Altar by Following the Ordinary of the Mass 463 A Mode of Hearing Mass in Honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary 481 DEVOTIONS FOR CONFESSION 495 Prayers before Confession 495 Examination of Conscience for Young Women 496 Acts of Contrition 503 Resolution of Amendment 504 Prayers after Confession 504 DEVOTIONS FOR COMMUNION 505 Acts of Faith, Adoration, Contrition, Humility, Hope, Charity, and Desire before Communion 506 Acts of Humility, Thanksgiving and Oblation, Love, and Petition after Communion 507 Indulgenced Prayer before a Crucifix 509 Petitions and Offerings after Holy Communion 510 Indulgenced Acts in Honor of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 514

Promises and Resolutions to be Made by Frequent Communicants 517 Simple .Acts and Prayers for Holy Communion 522 Prayer of Ven. Father Olier 525 Suscipe: Prayer of St. Ignatius 525 Anima Christi 526 THE STATIONS OF THE CROSS 528 Stabat Mater 539 LITANIES APPROVED BY THE CHURCH. 543 Litany of the Holy Name of Jesus 543 Litany of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 546 Litany of the Blessed Virgin 550 Litany of the Saints 553 A VISIT TO THE BLESSED SACRAMENT 565 Prayer of St. Alphonsus Liguori 565 Spiritual Communion 567 Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ in the Blessed Sacrament 570 Acts of Consecration to the Sacred Heart of Jesus 574 A Short Act of Consecration to the Sacred Heart of Jesus 574 An Act of Consecration Recommended to the Children of Mary 574 A Prayer for the Church and for the Civil Authorities 575 VARIOUS PRAYERS AND NOVENAS 577 Prayer in Honor of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and other Petitions Suitable after Communion and at Visits to the Blessed Sacrament, also in connection with a Novena 577 Prayer of St. Alphonsus Liguori to the Blessed Virgin Mary 580 Prayer of St. Aloysius Gonzaga to the Blessed Virgin 581

Prayer and Consecration to Our Lady of Perpetual Help 581 Chaplet in Honor of the Immaculate Heart of Mary 582 Novena to Our Lady of Perpetual Help 584 Prayer to Our Lady of Good Counsel 585 Indulgenced Novenas in Honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary 585 Eleven Novenas in Honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary 585 Novena for any Festival and for any Special Occasion 587 The Mysteries of the Holy Rosary 589 The Four Great Anthems of the Blessed Virgin Mary 590 Alma Redemptoris 590 Ave Regina Coelorum 592 Regina Coeli 593 Salve Regina 594 Prayer to St. Joseph for the October Devotions 596 Another Approved Version of the Same Prayer 596 Act of Consecration to St. Joseph 597 Prayer to St. Joseph for a Happy Death 597 Prayer to St. Joseph for Perseverance 598 Novena in Honor of St. Joseph 598 Prayers in Honor of St. Joseph for the Agonizing 599 Prayer to St. Joseph, Patron of the Universal Church 599 Prayer to the Angel Guardian 600 Antiphon to the Archangel Michael 601 Prayer to St. Raphael, Archangel 601 Prayer to the Archangel Gabriel 601 Prayer to St. Anne 601

The Novena of Grace in Honor of St. Francis Xavier, Apostle of the Indies 602 Devout Exercises of the Six Sundays in Honor of St. Aloysius Gonzaga 604 Prayers to St. Anthony 606 Prayer to St. Stanislaus Kostka 607 Prayer in Honor of St. Agnes 607 Prayer to St. Lucy 608 Prayer to St. Rose of Lima 609 Prayer to St. Agatha 609 Prayer to any Virgin-Saint 610 Prayer for divine Direction in the Choice of a State of Life 611 Indulgenced Prayer for a Christian Family 612 PART SECOND. THE SODALITY OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY. The Object of this Association 614 Obligations of the Members 615 Indulgences 615 SODALITY DEVOTIONS 617 The Solemn Reception of New Members 617 Synopsis of the Rite of Reception 617 Ceremony of Solemn Reception 617 Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament 628 Pious Exercises and Prayers for Regular and Occasional Meetings 635 DEVOTIONS FOR THE MONTH OF MAY 639 Indulgences for the Month of May 640 Three Offerings in Honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary 641 St. Aloysius' Act of Consecration 642 Prayer to our Queen of the Most Holy Rosary 642

MEDITATIONS ON THE LIFE OF MARY 643 Introduction 643 Mary's Vocation 643 Hymn to the Blessed Virgin, "Ave Maris Stella" 648 1st Day. — Mary's Immaculate Conception 649 2d Day. — Mary's First Graces : 651 3d Day. — Mary's Earliest Gift 652 4th Day. — God's Design in Beautifying Mary 652 5th Day. — The Birth of Mary. 653 6th Day. — The Presentation of Mary in the Temple 654 7th Day. — Mary's Life in the Temple 655 8th Day. — Mary's Espousals 656 9th Day. — The Marriage of Mary 657 10th Day. — The Annunciation 658 11th Day. — The Incarnation 659 12th Day. — The Visitation 660 13th Day. — Mary's Time of Expectancy 661 14th Day. — The Nativity 661 15th Day. — Mary's Purification 662 16th Day. — Simeon's Prophecy to Mary 663 17th Day. — The Flight into Egypt 664 18th Day. — Mary's Life at Nazareth 665 19th Day. — Mary's Loss of Jesus for Three Days 666 20th Day. — The Death of St. Joseph 667 21st Day. — Mary at Cana 668 22d Day. — Mary During Our Lord's Public Life 668 23d Day. — Mary Meets Jesus Carrying the Cross 669 24th Day. — Mary at the Foot of the Cross 670 25th Day. — Jesus is Placed in His Mother's Arms 671 26th Day. — Mary Sees Jesus Laid in the Sepulchre 672 27th Day. — Jesus Appears to Mary after the Resurrection 673 28th Day. — Mary the Mother of the Infant Church 674 29th Day. — Mary's Death 674 30th Day. — Mary's Assumption into Heaven 675 31st Day. — Mary's Coronation as Queen of Heaven 676 Hymn, "Mary, Thy Heart" 678 Hymn, "Holy God, We Praise Thy Name" 678

A CONFUTATION OF Infants Baptisme, Or an Answer, To a Treatice written by GEORGE PHILLIPS, of Wattertowenw in New England, in the defence of Infants BAPTISME, denying the true Church to be formed by Baptisme, and affirming it to be foremed by a Covenant acted by a company of believers, to become one, and anothers among it themselves WHEREIN, Is plainly discovered that neither Infants Baptisme, not yet such a covenant acted, can be Gods ordinance appointed by him for any such end, as to constitute true visable Churches: As also that Baptisme of beleevers, and that only is Gods ordinance whereby true visible Churches are rightly constitued and stated in their true being. By Thomas Lambe, Printed in the yeare, 1643.

The Holy ways of the Cross, or, A short treatise on the various trials and afflictions, interior and exterior, to which the spiritual life is subject, and the means of making a good use thereof. By Boudon, Henri-Marie, 1624-1702; Thompson, Edward Healy, 1813-1891.

PART I.

CHAPTER I. THE SCIENCE OF THE CROSS IS A HIDDEN MYSTERY. This mystery was hidden from Jews and Gentiles; and even from Christ's own disciples. It is unintelligible to the wise of this world; however great their learning. It is opposed to worldly pride and delicate living. Many professedly devout persons ignorant of it. To be learnt only by Christian simplicity and mortification page 3 CHAPTER II. WHETHER IT BE PRUDENT TO WRITE RESPECTING THE WAYS OF THE CROSS. A counter opinion stated. This opinion opposed to the practice of the doctors and masters of the spiritual life. The Lives of the Saints abound in relations of interior trials. The ill use made of such reading no argument against the treatment of the subject. The knowledge of it necessary in many cases. The valuable instruction thereby afforded. The compassion due to souls so terribly afflicted page 8 CHAPTER III. THE WAY OF THE CROSS IS THE ROYAL HIGH ROAD TO A BLESSED ETERNITY. It is the road by which all Saints have passed. Examples from Holy Scripture. Security of those who walk therein. The ways fof consolation full of peril : by-paths at best, from which it is easy to go astray. The way of the Cross rough but safe page 13 CHAPTER IV. WE MUST OF NECESSITY WALK IN THE WAY OF THE CROSS. Crosses are inevitable on the way to Heaven. Sin must be punished. As the Head suffered, so must the members. Our Lord preached the doctrine of the Cross openly and to all; and -pressed it -on His disciples. To be a Christian and to be crucified one and the same thing . . page 18 CHAPTER V. THE HAPPINESS OF A CHRISTIAN CONSISTS IN SUFFERING IN THIS WORLD. REPLY TO CERTAIN OBJECTIONS. Several reasons given for this assertion. In particular, the grace of Jesus is a crucifying grace. Most crosses sent to those whom God loves most. Testimonies to the blessedness of suffering from Scripture and revelations made to Saints. Suffering necessary to draw man out of his state of cor. rnption. Life a state of warfare, and therefore of suffer, ing. Crosses necessary for perfecting the soul. They endure throughout life, and, if withdrawn for a while, are given back. Crosses are profitable, and even necessary, in order — 1. To satisfy the Divine Justice; 2. To purge the soul of its imperfections; 3. To humble us; 4. To increase our grace and merit; 5. To bring us into closer conformity to Christ. How God refreshes His elect. The joy that is promised and enjoined not a sensible joy; but that which resides in the superior region of the soul. Abuses and faults may occur in the holiest states, but do not detract from the perfection of those states. The dangers of spiritual consolations. Jesus the true pattern of the elect; His refusal of joys and satisfactions. Ought, then, guilty man to be exempt from suffering ? The value of suffering taught by Christ's example. The true import of His teaching. Testimonies thereto from Scripture and maxims of Saints — page 22 CHAPTER VI. CROSSES ARE A MARK OF PREDESTINATION, AND OF A HIGH PREDESTINATION. The thought of Eternity; how little pondered. Suffering the portion of the elect. Express testimonies of Scripture to this truth. It is a law which knows no exception. The greatest Saints have borne the heaviest crosses. Sufferings serve to the increase of eternal glory . . . page 42 CHAPTER VII. CROSSES EXALT TO MATCHLESS 6LORY. No glory to be compared with that of the Cross. Remarkable language of St. John Chrysostom and St. Augustine. Our Lord's own words, and those of St. Paul. The suffering and the indigent exhorted to recognize the exceeding privileges of their state page 47 CHAPTER VIII. CROSSES ARE THE EARTHLY PARADISE. No Paradise without God; crosses unite to God. This union the source of solid happiness. Often more perfect the less it is felt and known. No rest save in God alone. Happy effect of meditating on crosses .... page 50 A Prayer to the Blessed Virgin, Queen oF all the holiest Lights of Grace page 54

PART II.

CHAPTER I. THE WAYS OF THE CROSS ARE VARIOUS. All true Christians walk by the way of the Cross; but not all alike. Great variety of sufferings; the creature bound to submit to the Creator's behests. Our Lord's whole life one continued suffering . . . . . . page 59 CHAPTER II. EVERY ONE MUST BEAR HIS OWN CROSS, AND IN THE MANNER GOD WILLS. All who belonged to Christ have borne their cross. Three things of which we must beware : — 1. Not to procure ourselves crosses by our own faults; 2. Not to occupy ourselves with desiring other crosses than those we have; 3. Not to delude ourselves with desiring to bear our cross in a different way from that which God appoints. "We must turn our crosses to the best account. To which end we must look simply to the will of God page 63 CHAPTER III. WE MUST BEAR OUR CROSSES IN THE MANNER GOD WILLS. The soul must blindly follow God's will, and not make reflections on itself. Disquietude of mind a stratagem of the devil. Sensible repugnance to sufferiug no proof of unwillingness to suffer. Impossible to escape temptations by our own efforts. Self-abandonment necessary in order to attain to perfect indifference. God never refuses His aid. In the strength of Jesus we shall be able to eudure and to overcome. We must not relax in our spiritual exercises although we feel nothing but repugnance to them . . page 67 CHAPTER IV. CORPORAL INFIRMITIES. Bodily defects a favour of Heaven. Bodily ailments a great grace, which must be utilized for Eternity. Pretexts of self-love. Incalculable blessings obtained by suffering souls. God, who wills infirmities, wills also the inconveniences and afflictions which they entail. Persons of very great virtue often so sensitive to pain as to be constrained to cry aloud from their excessive sufferings . . page 74 CHAPTER V. THE LOSS OF HONOUR. Without contempt of worldly honour there can be no perfect union with God. Our Lord's abhorrence of it shown in the circumstances of His Birth and of His whole Life. How He was judged by the people; by priests and doctors of the law; and by civil governors. His guilt inferred from the conduct of His disciples; and His dereliction on the Cross. Loss of reputation knows no exceptions. To be despised by men a state very precious in the spiritual life . page 78 CHAPTER VI. PERSECUTIONS ON THE PAST OF MEN. As the world persecuted our Lord, so it will not spare His disciples. Its rash and cruel judgments. Its ingenuity in inventing, misrepresenting, and exaggerating. An instance in the case of Father Baltasar Alvarez. The interior life itself condemned by the world. Creatures nothing before God; their judgment therefore less than nothing. They who take pains to please people are not exempt from wounds and fall into many sins. Practical conclusions . page 84 CHAPTER VII. CONTRADICTIONS ON THE PART OF THE GOOD. Some good people harass others from pure but mistaken motives. But in many cases the corruption of nature mixes itself up with good intentions. Examples. All the great designs of God accomplished under the weight of the Cross. Condemnation by the good and virtuous permitted for the more perfect abasement of the elect. The use made thereof by the devil ...... page 91 CHAPTER VIII. ABANDONMENT BY CREATURES AND PARTICULARLY BY FRIENDS. The being forsaken by friends a grievous affliction; but in losing friends the true Christian finds God. No one so utterly forsaken as Jesus. The thought of this excites a holy desire of being abandoned by all; the vastness of the subject. Blessed exchange : God instead of creatures. Interior abandonments most profitable page 96 Prayer to the Most Holy Virgin, Consoler of the Applicted . . page 100

PART III. Interior Crisis

CHAPTER I. OF INTERIOR SUFFERINGS; AND FIRST OF TEMPTATIONS TO UNBELIEF AND BLASPHEMY. These sufferings far surpass all exterior sufferings. Temptations against faith most terrible. Many Saints have endured them; examples. We must not argue with such temptations; danger of -so doing. Heresies come from the exercise of private judgment; duty of sincere submission to the Pope and the Church. The remedy against such temptations lies in avoiding all voluntary reflections. Acts of faith real, though unconscious; proofs of this. Temptations to blasphemy frighten more than they hurt; resistance mistaken for consent. The Lord Himself thus tempted. Sentiments of St. Teresa on this subject . . page 105 CHAPTER II. TEMPTATIONS TO DREAD OF REPROBATION, DESPONDENCY, AND DESPAIR. Many holy souls have been thus afflicted. God desires our salvation more than we do ourselves; proof in the Incarnation, Crucifixion, and Blessed Eucharist. The remedy is to abandon ourselves to Divine Providence; an heroic act of love. Our God Infinite Goodness. Frequent falls no ground of discouragement. These interior sufferings the chastisement of sin : this of itself a motive for courage. Temptation a sign of election; the devil assails those who are the true servants of God page 112 CHAPTER III. OF DRYNESS, DARKNESS, DISTRACTIONS, AND REPUGNANCE TO PIOUS EXERCISES. Instances of holy persons who have been tried by spiritual dryness. How St. Catherine of Genoa suffered from interior darkness. Saints not exempt from painful distractions; striking confessions of St. Jerome and others. States in which the soul becomes devoid of feeling. That which renders us pleasing to God is, not feeling or the want of feeling, but the free action of the Will. Remarkable instance in the person of Father JogUes. How we ought to deal with distractions. Consoling thoughts onder such affliction — page 118 CHAPTER 17. OF TEMPTATIONS AGAINST PURITY. Exciting Causes of such temptations. They may be made the occasions of great victories and great rewards. This consideration a consolation to souls so afflicted. Such trials contribute much to Spiritual advancement; examples from the Lives of Saints. Chastity does not consist in insensibility but in resistance. Remedies recommended — page 124 CHAPTER V. OF DOUBTS AND SCRUPLES. No temptations can sully the soul so long as they are displeasing to it; the doubt whether we have consented itself a mark of not having consented. Origin and occasions of scruples. Need of a charitable and enlightened director. St. Ignatius most severely tried. Persons so afflicted ought not to repeat their confessions. Neither ought they to confess their temptations or sins about which they have a doubt; they ought to avoid long examinations of conscience, and abide by the judgment of their director. Submission of spirit absolutely necessary; subtle inventions of self-love. We must combat *our scruples with courage; instances of peace of mind being restored by simple obedience — page 130 CHAPTER VI. OF SUFFERINGS CAUSED BY THE DEVIL. Instances of ordinary temptations. Persons of extraordinary virtue tempted by the devils in an extraordinary way. These eminent souls the special objects of their malice. Their efforts to deter persons from practising mental prayer, and especially the highest order of prayer. Instances of exterior diabolical assaults. Their interior assaults most formidable. The craft and subtlety of these spirits of hell. Remedies against these temptations, ordinary and extraordinary. Directors of souls so terribly tried ought to be men of great enlightenment. In cases of possession, the exercise of the will not free; although the sufferers maybe obstinate in declaring that they consent with full deliberation. This state most humiliating, but one of the most effectual for attaining a high degree of sanctity. The devil flees before resolute souls. He has no power to force the will. Holy Communion the most effectual defence against his attacks. His efforts to prevent persons from communicating — page 139. CHAPTER VII. OF SUPERNATURAL SUFFERINGS. These come immediately from God, and are most terrible. Father Simon de Bourg's description of such trials : the soul deprived, not only of reflective acts, but of the power of making many direct acts. St. Teresa's more detailed account of these suffering states. Similar reflections of another spiritual writer. Mysterious dealings of God with certain souls. Case of an innocent soul afflicted with all the effects and emotions of sin. " The exile of the heart": these words of " The Following of Christ " very little understood , page, 155 CHAPTER VIII. THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED. These extraairdiiiary sufferings inflicted by God in order to perfect the soul in virtue and defeat the artifices of self-love. Divine annihilations; none comparable to that of Jesus. These crosses reserved for God's dearest friends. Signs which distinguish a passive state of suffering. What a soul so afflicted must do. The immense advantage of these interior pains page 163 Prayer to Our Lady of Martyrs . page 170

PART IV.

CHAPTER I. OF THE CAUSES OF CROSSES. Crosses are sent to punish us for our sins. To purge us of our faults, and especially our secret faults. To sanctify our souls. In fine, we suffer because we are members of Jesus Crucified page 175 CHAPTER II. WHY GOD OFTEN DOES NOT HEARKEN TO US WHEN WE PRAY HIM TO DELIVER US FROM OUR SUFFERINGS. All crosses come from God, and God is Sovereign Reason; they are therefore always just. They are also always profitable, however painful. Dereliction of our Blessed Lord upon the Cross; revelations to Saints . . 'page 179 CHAPTER III. OF THE ENEMIES OF THE CROSS, AND OF THE STRATAGEMS OF WHICH SELF-LOVE AND THE PRUDENCE OF THE FLESH MAKE USE TO ESCAPE FROM ITS WAYS. St. Paul could not speak of these enemies without weeping. Mortification necessary for understanding the spirit of the Cross. Covert enemies of Evangelical perfection; the great evil they do. The plausible reasons they adduce; their terrible responsibility. Their maxims condemned by the conduct of Jesus. All great religious successes effected by suffering page 182 CHAPTER IV. WE OUGHT TO HAVE A HIGH ESTEEM FOR THE CROSS, AND TO DEEM OURSELVES UNWORTHY OF IT. The value of crosses beyond all price. The heaviest crosses reserved for God's special favourites. Our unworthiness to suffer: remarkable testimonies thereto. The reverence due to suffering. Few even among the pious really share it. Few look to God alone; to do so demands magnanimity and courage. Church history abounds in examples of this generous Christian spirit. St. Paul's warm appreciation of it page 188 CHAPTER V. WE OUGHT TO LOVE CROSSES. Jesus loved them with an ardour inconceivable. Proofs of this from the Gospels. Example of St. Andrew in his martyrdom page 195 CHAPTER VI. WE OUGHT TO ACCEPT CROSSES WITH JOY, WITH THANKSGIVING, WITH ASTONISHMENT. Exhortations of our Lord and His Apostles to rejoice in suffering. This rejoicing compatible with extreme sadness in the sensitive region of the soul. How holy persons have evinced their gratitude for being visited with afflictions. These heavy blows onght to be received as strokes of divine grace and regarded with astonishment . page 198 CHAPTER VII. WE JUST CARRY OUR CROSS WITH ALL ITS DIMENSIONS. St. Paul's language respecting these dimensions. The mystery of the Cross not to be comprehended without the special aid of the Holy Spirit. By its breadth are meant all its circumstances, effects, and consequences. Our crosses those which our Lord wishes us to bear, and not those which we figure to ourselves. The grievous trial of Blessed Robert d'Artus. The length of the cross is its duration : examples of our Blessed Lord, His holy Mother, and certain Saints. Holy souls even distressed at the thought of losing their cross. The height of the cross is the many afflictions of which it is composed. Its depth, the intensity of the suffering it causes. Holy souls thirst for suffering, while we do all we can to avoid it page 204

CHAPTER VIII. THE PERFECT CROSS, AS EXEMPLIFIED IN THE PERSON OF THE SERAPHIC ST. TERESA. Few crosses are completed. St. Teresa a prodigy of grace. The vastness of her cross; constructed of such a variety of materials. Her body one whole cross. Her own testimony to this. The sufferings of her soul intense, beyond description. The divine favours she received afforded her no consolation. The saint's own description of her torments; for which she found no relief. The opposition she encountered almost universal. She is rebuked by her confessors, threat- ened by magistrates, insulted by the populace, upbraided by her own friends, denounced by prelates, condemned by doctors. The slanders, ridicale, and ill-treatment to which she was subjected. She is falsely accused before the superiors of her Order, and the authorities of the Inquisition; her own General forsakes her. Her exalted virtues declared to be fictitious. The reasonings of human prudence. How they are refuted and stultified by Almighty Wisdom; example of the Patriarch Joseph. St. Teresa sorely tried by evil spirits. Sufferings the means by which the saints are made partakers of Christ's glory . . . page 211 Prayer to the Most Holy Virgin, the Crowning Perfection of God's Works page 230

Flowers of Mary, or, Devotions for each month in the year: Publication date 1862.

CONTENTS. JANUARY:Month of the Holy Childhood 5, FEBRUARY: Month of the Passion 35, MARCH: Month of Devotion to St. Joseph 63, APRIL: Month of the Resurrection 87, MAY: Month of Mary 117, JUNE: Month of the Sacred Heart 141, JULY: Month of the Precious Blood 169, AUGUST: Month of the Heart of Mary 191, SEPTEMBER: Month of the Religious Orders 219, OCTOBER: Month of the Holy Angels 247, NOVEMBER: Month of Devotion for the Holy Souls 273, DECEMBER: Month of the Nativity 307

Blessed Sacrament Book by Lasance, F. X. (Francis Xavier), 1860-1946 Contents Introduction 5 FIRST PART Psalm Ninety-four 27 Hymn to the Trinity 29 Prayer to the Most Holy Trinity 30 Verses from Breviary Hymns 31 Act of Faith 32 Act of Hope 33 Act of Love 33 Indulgenced Ejaculation of Resignation to the Will of God 34 Plenary Indulgence at the Hour of Death 35 The Lord's Prayer 35 The Hail Mary 35 The Apostles Creed 35 Ejaculations 35 Morning Offering of The Apostleship of Prayer 38

Offering to the Eternal Father 38 Indulgenced Prayer to the Sacred Heart 38 Morning Offering to the Most Holy Trinity 39 Prayer to the Divine Heart of Jesus 39 Ejaculation to the Sacred Heart 39 Morning Offering and Salutation to the Blessed Sacrament 40 Litany of the Most Holy Name of Jesus 41 Litany of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 44 Divine Praises 47 PRAYERS DURING THE DAY Grace before Meals 48 Grace after Meals 48 Act of Faith 48 Act of Hope 48 Act of Charity 49 The Angelus 49 Regina Coeli 50 Salve Regina 51 Sub Tuum Praesidium 52 Prayer before Meditation 53 Prayer to the Holy Ghost 53 Ejaculation 53

Prayer after Meditation or Spiritual Reading 54 Indulgence for Mental Prayer 54 Prayer of St. Thomas Aquinas before Study 54 Indulgences for Reading the Holy Gospel 55 Prayer to St. Joseph for all Those who are Devoted to Labor 55 Prayer of St. Alphonsus for Purity 56 Act of Consecration to the Holy Spirit 56 Prayer to the Holy Ghost 57 Ejaculation in Honor of the Sacred Heart 57 Indulgenced Prayer to the Sacred Heart 57 Act of Oblation before an Image of the Sacred Heart 58 Suscipe, Offering and Prayer of St. Ignatius of Loyola 58 Anima Christi, Sanctified Me 59 Ejaculation for the Fulfilling of the Word of God 60 Ejaculations 60 St. Gerard Majella's Resolutions 60 Prayers to St. Gerard Majella 62 ALL DAY LONG Words and Deeds 63 At Mass 64 Before Leaving House 64 Before Spiritual Reading 64 Before the Rosary 65 To Jesus 65 Forgive Me 65 God's Household 65 Pray for the Dying 65 A Cry from Purgatory 66 Thought from St. Augustine 66 In the Evening 66 To my Angel 66 "Lead, Kindly Light" 66 Just for To-day 67 Prayer for Grace to do the Will of God 68 St. Teresa's Book-Mark 68 Paraphrase of St. Teresa's Book-Mark 68

Indulgenced Prayer and Ejaculations for a Happy Death 69 EVENING PRAYER Verses from Breviary Hymns 71 Act of Adoration and Thanksgiving 71 Act of Contrition 72 Act of Love 72 The Memorare 73 Prayer for Benefactors 7 Ejaculations 73 A Night Prayer, by St. Alphonsus Liguori 74 De Profundis for the Faithful Departed 74 Prayer from Compline 75 Evensong 76 O Paradise! O Paradise! 76 Ejaculation 77 Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary 77 Litany of St. Joseph 83

Night Offering to Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament 84 Acts of Faith, Hope, Charity, and Contrition 85 Forms Authorized in England 85 Forms Authorized in Ireland 86 Forms Authorized in the United States 88 MASS DEVOTIONS The Asperges 89 The Ordinary of the Mass 91 The Canon of the Mass 109 Masses for the Dead (from the Roman Missal) 132 Indulgenced Prayer at Beginning of Mass 132 The Mass of All Souls' Day 188 Mass on Day of Death or Burial of One of the Faithful 140 The Common or Daily Mass for the Dead 146 For Bishops and Priests Deceased 146 For Deceased Brethren, Friends, and Benefactors 146 For the Souls of the Faithful Departed 147 Various Prayers for the Dead 151 For a Pope Deceased 151 For a Bishop Deceased 152 For a Priest Deceased 153 For a Man, other than a Priest, Deceased 155 For a Woman Deceased 155 For More than One Person Deceased 156

For All Who are Buried in a Cemetery or Graveyard 157 Ejaculation 158 Versicle and Responses for the Dead 158 Indulgenced Prayers for the Faithful Departed, for Every Day in the Week 158 Prayers for Nine or Seven Days 161 Month of November 161 Prayers in Commemoration of the Passion of Our Lord for the Poor Souls in Purgatory 161 Help the Poor Souls in Purgatory 162 Devotion to the Holy Souls 164 A Way of Assisting at Mass According to the Four Ends of Sacrifice 165 Mass in Union With the Sacred Heart of Jesus 179 Preparatory Prayer 180 Special Offering of the Mass for the Souls in Purgatory 180 Reflections on the Pater Nosier 196 Spiritual Communion 198 Prayers after Communion 201 "Let Christ Be All in All" 202 "Bright Home Above" 203 Mass in Honor of the Five Wounds of Our Saviour and of the Exaltation of the Cross 205

Reflections and Prayers 218 Unselfishness 220 Self-immolation 221 With Jesus Our King 222 Mary, My Mother 223 Indulgenced Prayers Arranged for Use at Mass 225 DEVOTIONS FOR CONFESSION Before Confession 255 Examination of Conscience 256 Acts of Contrition 259 DEVOTIONS FOR COMMUNION Thanksgiving after Confession 262 Reflections on Holy Communion 263 O Sacrum Convivium 268 Preparations for Mass and Communion (from the Roman Breviary and Missal) 269 Prayer of St. Thomas Aquinas 273 Another Ancient Prayer before Communion 274 Sunday 276 Monday 277 Tuesday 277 Wednesday 278 Thursday 278 Friday 279 Saturday 279

Prayer to the Blessed Virgin 280 Prayers to St. Joseph 281 Offering 282 Indulgenced Prayers at Beginning of Mass 282 Thanksgiving after Communion (from the Roman Breviary) 283 Prayer of St. Thomas Aquinas 285 Prayer of St. Bonaventure 286 "Adoro Te Devote, Latens Delias" 287 St. Francis Xavier's Hymn of Love (O Deus, Ego Amo Te) 290 Offering and Prayer of St. Ignatius Loyola 291 "Anima Christi, Sanctified Me" 292 An Offering 292 The Memorare 293 Prayer of St. Alphonsus de Liguori to the Blessed Virgin 293 Prayer of St. Aloysius Gonzaga to the Blessed Virgin 294 Prayer to Our Lady of Good Counsel 295

Prayer to St. Joseph 295 Invocations 295 Prayer to St. Joseph, Patron of the Universal Church 296 Indulgenced Prayer to be said after Holy Communion 296 Ejaculation in Honor of the Blessed Sacrament 297 Prayer to the Sacred Heart 297 Mass for Communion Days in Honor of the Blessed Sacrament 298 Preparatory Prayers. 298 Prayer to the Eucharistic Heart 299 Acts of Adoration and Thanksgiving to the Blessed Trinity 300 Offering of the Holy Communion 301

Prayers after Communion 318 "Divine Jesus!" 321 Prayer to Mary, Help of Christians 322 Reflections and Petitions 323 Prayer of St. Alphonsus Liguori before an Image of the Blessed Virgin 325 Petitions of St. Augustine 325 Lord Jesus, Make Me Know Thee 326 Indulgenced Prayer after Communion to Jesus Crucified 327 Devotions Before and After Holy Communion 328 Litany for Holy Communion 341 Peace with Jesus 344 Another Form of Devotions for Holy Communion 346 Third Form of Devotions for Holy Communion 365

ACTS OF DEVOTION AND PRAYERS FOR VISITS TO THE BLESSED SACRAMENT FOR THE HOUR OF ADORATION, FOR THE FIRST FRIDAY OF THE MONTH, AND FOR THE FORTY HOURS' EXPOSITION The Venerable Peter Julian Eymard 374 Offering of the Holy Hour 375 Prayer for a Visit to the Blessed Sacrament 376 Prayer of St. Alphonsus Liguori for a Visit to the Blessed Sacrament 378 Prayer for Holy Hour 380 Crown or Chaplet of the Blessed Sacrament 381 Acts Before the Blessed Sacrament 385 Act of Reparation to the Sacred Heart 332 Act of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 393 Form of Consecration 395 Litany of the Saints 396 The City of the Saints 408 Prayers to Jesus 409 The Seven Penitential Psalms Litany of the Blessed Sacrament 423 Litany of the Passion 426 Spiritual Communion 429

Acts before the Blessed Sacrament 430 Tantum Ergo 432 Act of Reparation in Honor of the Blessed Sacrament 433 Prayers of St. Clare of Assisi to the Five Wounds of Our Saviour 434 Prayer to the Eucharistic Heart 437 Prayers to the Divine Heart 438 Consecration of the Family to the Sacred Heart 439 Ejaculations to the Sacred Heart 440 Seven Offerings in Honor of the Precious, Blood 440 Prayer to Our Lord on the Cross 442 Prayer to Jesus Dead 443 Petitions Before the Most Holy 443 Petition for the Holy Souls in Purgatory 444 Prayer for the Pope 445 Prayer for God's Holy Church 445 Prayer for Certain Afflicted Persons 445 Prayer for the Church and for the Civil Authorities 446 A Universal Prayer 448 Prayer to the Holy Trinity 450

Prayer in Honor of Jesus' Sacred Sufferings 451 Prayer for Those in Their Agony 451 Cardinal Newman's Prayer for a Happy Death 451 Ejaculations to Jesus and Mary 452 Prayers to St. Anthony 453 Petitions of St, Augustine 455 Prayers to the Sacred Heart 456 Thirty-three Petitions in Honor of the Sacred Humanity of Our Lord 45 Indulgence Chaplet of the Sacred Heart 450 Short Act of Consecration to Jesus and Mary 461 Prayer for a Municipality 462 Cor Unum et Anima Una 462 Prayer to Our Lord in the Blessed Sacrament 464 Adeste Fideles 464 Hymn to the Redeemer 465 Hymn to the Infant Jesus 466 Hymns to the Most Holy Name 467 Old Year and New Year 468 Hymns to the Blessed Sacrament 469 Hymns to the Sacred Heart 471 Hymns to the Sacred Passion 472 Hymn to the Holy Winding-Sheet 473 Easter Hymn 474 Ascension Hymn 474 Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament 475 Act of Reparation for Profane Language 478 Te Deum Laudamus 478 Holy God, We Praise Thy Name 482 Praises to Jesus and Mary 483 Novena in Honor of the Holy Name 483 Indulgences for Invoking the Holy Name 484 Prayer to Jesus Our Redeemer 485 Prayer in Honor of the Most Holy Name of Jesus 486 "Divine Jesus" 487 Reparation to the Holy Name 487 Daily Oblation to Jesus 489

DEVOTIONS IN HONOR OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY Dedication to Mary 490 Three Offerings in Honor of the Blessed Virgin 491 Prayer of St. Alphonsus Liguori to Mary 491 Dedication of St. Aloysius to Our Lady 492 Devotion to Our Lady of the Blessed Sacrament 492 Prayer to Our Lady, Help of Christians 495 Invocations to Mary 496 Prayer to Our Lady of Good Counsel 496 The Memorare 497 Prayer to the Mother of Divine Providence 497 Chaplet in Honor of Mary's Immaculate Heart 498 Novena in Honor of the Immaculate Conception 500 Novena in Honor of the Dolors of Mary Immaculate 502 Prayer to Our Lady of Perpetual Help 508 Prayer to Our Mother of Confidence 504 Prayers in Honor of the Immaculate Mary 505 Mysteries of the Holy Rosary 507 Prayer to Mary for a Good Death 508 Novenas in Honor of Our Lady 509 Month of May Devotions 510 Thirty Days' Prayer to the Blessed Virgin Mary 511

Indulgenced Acts of Consecration to Mary 514 Four Great Anthems of the Blessed Virgin 515 The Magnificat 520 VARIOUS OTHER DEVOTIONS Ave, Maris Stella 521 Prayers to Joseph 523 The Forty Hours' Adoration 529 Pange Lingua 589 Litaniae et Preces 541 Mass to Beg for Peace 550 The Venerable Peter Julian Eymard 554 The Tabernacle Society 560 The Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament 564 The Archconfraternity of Prayer and Penance 567 The Apostleship of Prayer 585 St. Anthony's Chapter of the Union that Nothing be Lost 593 SECOND PART Jesus is Waiting in His Prison of Love 599 Method of Keeping the Hour of Adoration According to the Four Ends of Sacrifice 604 Visits to the Blessed Sacrament 609 Thomas a Kempis on the Holy Eucharist 615 St. Paschal Baylon, Patron Saint of Eucharistic Associations 619 Prayers to St. Michael de Santi 621 Prayer to Archangel Raphael 622 Prayer to Archangel Gabriel 622 Prayer to Guardian Angel 623 Prayers to St. Anne 623 Prayer to Sts. Peter and Paul 624 Prayer to St. John 625

Relation and Difference Between Devotion to the Holy Eucharist and Devotion to the Sacred Heart 625 Relation between Devotion to the Sacred Heart and Devotion to the Passion of Our Lord 627 The Holy Hour 628 Prayer in Honor of the Passion and Death of Our Saviour 630 Seven Offerings in Honor of the Precious Blood 631 Thanksgiving in Honor of the Most Precious Blood 633 Chaplet of the Precious Blood 633 Prayers and Ejaculations before the Blessed Sacrament 639 Visit to the Blessed Sacrament 639 Meditation for the Holy Hour 640 A Method for the Holy Hour 648 Reflections for the Hour of Adoration 651 A Method for the Hour of Adoration 661 Another Method for the Hour of Adoration 671 Act of Homage to the Eucharistic Heart of Jesus 675 The Prisoner of Love 678 The Eucharistic Heart of Jesus Our Abode 680 Reflections on the Titles and Invocations of the Litany of the Sacred Heart 693 The Need of the Sacred Heart 697 Victims with Christ 698 Our Duties Toward the Sacred Heart 70S Prayer of St. Gertrude to the Sacred Heart 709 Triduum of visits to the Blessed Sacrament 782 Prayer for Our Country 737

Prayer for Our City 738 Indulgenced Prayer for a Christian Family 738 Prayers for the Faithful Departed 739 Prayers to the Holy Family 746 Looking upon Jesus 747 Father Matthew Russell's Prayers for a Visit to the Blessed Sacrament 748 Prayer to the Holy Trinity 752 Prayer for Conformity to God's Will 753 Act of Consecration to the Holy Spirit 754 Paradise on Earth 755 Little Office of the Holy Name 756 Little Office of the Sacred Heart 761 Little Office of the Immaculate Conception 771 The Magnificat before the Blessed Sacrament 780 The Salve Regina 784 Indulgenced Ejaculations to Mary 787 Little Office of the Holy Angels 788 Little Office of the Passion 794 The Psalter of Jesus 799 Hymns and Psalms in Honor of the Most Holy Name 809 The Psalms 817 Indulgenced Acts in Honor of the Blessed Sacrament 834 Seven Visits to the Blessed Sacrament 835 Spiritual Communion 839 St. Thomas Aquinas and the Tabernacle 851 Anima Mia Che Fai? 856 Thoughts and Affections on the Passion of Our Lord 873 Steps of the Passion 876 Consoling Thoughts 878 Methodical Visits to the Blessed Sacrament 880 Jesus: Our Teacher and Our Master 894 Jesus: Our Mediator and Advocate 896 With Martha, Mary, and Lazarus 898 Unselfishness 901 Self-Surrender 902 With Our King 908

Looking Through the Lattices 908 Christ in the Eucharist 906 What Mass Is 907 Frequent Communion 908 Visits to Jesus in the Tabernacle 913 Daily Attendance at Mass 914 How to Foster Devotion to the Blessed Sacrament 915 St. Joseph, Patron of Those Who Love the Sacred Heart 918 With the Blessed Virgin and St. Joseph 918 With St. John Baptist 921 With the Penitent Magdalen 923 With the Apostles 926 The Angels 928 St. Michael, the Guardian Angel of the Blessed Sacrament 930 The Eucharistic Rosary 932 The Way of the Cross — Franciscan Method 939 The Eucharistic Way of the Cross 955 Hymn to the Sacred Heart 970 Beads of the Sacred Heart 971 Paraphrase of the Te Deum 973 "Alone with God" 974 Indulgenced Devotions for June 975 Novenas 981 Prayer for Novena to the Sacred Heart 983 Pious Practices in Honor of the Sacred Heart 985 Prayer of Blessed Margaret Mary 986 Thoughts from the Saints on the Passion 987 Meditations on the Passion for Every. Day of the Month 988 Hymns to the Sacred Heart 993 Novena for Corpus Christi 998 Triduum for Corpus Christi 994 Prayer for Novena to the Sacred Heart 994 Act of Consecration to the Eucharistic Heart 995 Prayer to Overcome Passions 996 Prayers to the Sacred Heart 997 Act of Homage to Christ 999 Prayer, "O Dulcissime Jesu" 1001 Christmas Day Prayers and Hymns 1003 Litany of the Love of God 1008 Easter Devotions 1009 Litany of the Most Holy Trinity 1012 Pentecost Devotions 1014 Hymn and Sequence of the Holy Ghost 1016 Litany of the Holy Ghost 1019 Prayers in Honor of the Holy Ghost 1021 The Holy Ghost and the Blessed Sacrament 1027 Eucharistic Hymn 1031 Preparation and Thanksgiving for Holy Communion 1036 Thanksgiving Prayers 1041

Prayers for the Seven Gifts of the Holy Ghost 1046 Petitions to Jesus in the Tabernacle 1048 Prayers for Communion from Saintly Writers 1050 Personal Devotion to Our Lord 1051 Offering of a Communion of Reparation 1053 Prayers of St. Gertrude before Communion 1054 Invocations and Aspirations 1056 Prayers after Communion 1058 Jesus, My Lord 1060 Offering of Blessed Margaret Mary 1061 Thanksgivings of St. Gertrude 1062 Offering of St. Mechtilde to the Sacred Heart 1064 Final Petitions 1065 Prayers for Souls in Purgatory 1066 Eucharistic Thoughts 1067 The Strange Delight of the Heart of Jesus 1070 Paraphrase of the "Anima Christi" 1084 On the "Imitation of Christ" 1089 Oblation 1092 Prayer from Mother Loyola 1095 "To-Day" 1096 "All for God" 1096 Thoughts, Offerings, and Invocations 1097 The Use of Creatures. 1098 Prayers for Religious and Priests 1098 The Blessed Sacrament and Our Lady 1100 Prayers to Our Lady. 1101 Salve Regina 1102 Visit to Our Blessed Lady after Communion 1102 Purgatory and the Blessed Sacrament 1103 Prayers for Priests and Missionaries 1106 Invocations for the Heathen 1106 St. Peter Glaver, Apostle of the Negroes 1107 litany and Prayer to St. Peter Claver 1107 St. Francis Xavier, Apostle of the East Indies 1110 Litany and Prayers to St. Francis Xavier. 1111 Novena of Grace in Honor of St. Francis Xavier 1114

Prayer of St. Francis Xavier for the Infidels 1116 St. Francis Xavier's Hymn of Love 1116 Devout Exercise of Six Sundays in Honor of St. Aloysius 1117 Prayers to St. Francis Xavier 1117 Death of, and Prayers to, St. Stanislaus Kostka 1118 Pious Practice of, and Prayers to, St. John Berchmans 1110 Five Sundays in Honor of Stigmata of St. Francis of Assisi 1110 Prayers to St. Francis of Assisi 1120 Prayers to St. Anthony of Padua 1121 Prayers to St. Thomas Aquinas 1123 Prayers for Novena to St. Benedict 1124 Prayers to St. Dominic 1125 Novena to St. Catherine 1126 Novena to St. Ignatius Loyola 1129 St. Alphonsus Liguori 1130 Prayer to St. Paul of the Cross 1130 Prayer to St. Peter Fourier 1130 Prayer to St. John the Baptist 1131 Prayer to St. John, Apostle and Evangelist 1132 Novena to St. Vincent dePaul 1132 Novena and Prayers to St. Francis de Sales 1133 Prayer for the Visitation Order 1134 Novena and Prayers to St. Jane Frances deChantal 1136

Prayer to St. Augustine 1137 Prayer to St. Angela Merici 1137 Prayer to St. Scholastica 1138 Prayer to Bl. Julia Billiart 1139 Prayer to Bl. Madeleine Sophie Barat 1139 Prayer to St. Barbara for a Happy Death 1140 Prayer to St. Juliana Falconieri 1140 Novena to St. Clara 1141 Prayer to St. Teresa 1142 Prayer to Bl. Margaret Mary Alacoque 1142 Archconfraternity of Perpetual Adoration for the Poor Souls in Purgatory 1150 The Holy Souls in Purgatory 1156 Prayers for the Poor Souls for Every Day in the Week 1165 Devotion to the Five Wounds for the Poor Souls 1168 Prayers for the Faithful Departed 1170 Prayers for All Souls' Day 1171 St. Philip Neri and the Poor Souls 1173 Litany of the Faithful Departed 1174 Intercession for the Departed 1176 Litany and Prayers for a Happy Death 1177 Prayers for the Sick and Dying 1180 Prayers for Grace to do the Will of God 1181 Hymn for Bona Mors Confraternity 1182 Cardinal Newman's Prayer for Dying 1183 Plenary Indulgence in Articulo Mortis 1185 Prayers to Mary for a Happy Death 1186 Reflections on the End of Man 1187 This is the Will of God: Your Sanctification 1189 Follow Christ 1190 Meditation and Spiritual Reading 1191 The Efficacy of Prayer 1192 Ave Verum 1196 Act of Reparation of Honor to Our Lord in the Blessed Sacrament 1198 INDEX 1201

World History

The History of the World, in Five Books. (The First Part). Intreating of the beginning and first ages of the same, from the creation unto Abraham. The second, of the times from the birth of Abraham to the destruction of the temple of Salomon. The third, from the destruction of Jerusalem to the time of Philip of Macedon. The fourth, from the reign of Philip of Macedon, to the establishing of that kingdom in the race of Antigonus. The fifth, from the settled rule of Alexanders successors in the East, untill the Romans (prevailing over all) made conquest of Asia and Macedon. By Sir Walter Ralegh, knight. 1652-1736

The History of the World, in Six Books. (The Second Part). Being a continuation of famous history of Sir Walter Raleigh, Knight : beginning where he left viz at the end of the Macedonian kingdom, and deduced to these later-times : that is from the year of the world 3806, or 160 years before Christ till the end of the year 1640 after Christ; wherein the most remarkable passages of those times both ecclesiasticall and civill, in the greatest states, empires, and kingdomes, are represented; together with a chronologie of those times and an alphabeticall-table by the author. By Alexander Ross

CONTENTS OF FIRST PART - THE FIRST PART OF THE HISTORIE OF THE WORLD: INTREATING OF THE Beginning, and first ages of the same, from the Creation, vnto ABRAHAM.

THE FIRST BOOKE. CHAP. I. Of the Creation, and Preseruation of the World. I. That the inuisible God is seene in his Creatures. II. That the wisest of the Heathen, whose authoritie is not to be despised, haue acknowledged the world to haue beene created by GOD. III. Of the meaning of In Principio Genes. 1. 1. IIII. Of the meaning of the words Heauen and Earth, Genesis 2. 1. V. That the substance of the waters, as mixt in the body of the earth, is by MOSES vnderstood in the word Earth: and that the Earth, by the attributes of vnformed and voide, is described as the of the anctent Heathen. VI. How it is to be vnderstood that the Spirit of God mooued vpon the waters, and that this is not to be searched curiously. VII. Of the light created, as the materiall substance of the Sunne: and of the nature of it, and difficultie of knowledge of it: and of the excellencie and vse of it: and of motion, and heat annexed vnto it. VIII. Of the Firmament, and of the waters aboue the Firmament: and whether there bee any cristalline Heauen, or any Primum mobile. IX. A conclusion repeating the summe of the workes in the Creation, which are reduced to three heads: The creation of matter, The forming of it, The finishing of it. X. That Nature is no Principium per se; nor forme the giuer of being: and of our ignorance, how second causes should haue any proportion with their effects. XI. Of Fate; and that the Starres haue great influence: and that their operations may diuersly be preuented or furthered. XII. Of Prescience. XIII. Of Prouidence: XIIII. Of Predestination. XV. Of Fortune: and of the reason of some things that seeme to be by fortune, and against Reason andProuidence.

CHAP. II. Of mans estate in his first Creation, and of Gods rest. I. Of the Image of God, according to which man was first created. II. Of the intellectuall mind of man, in which there is much of the Image of God: and that this Image is much deformed by sinne. III. Of our base and fraile bodies: and that the care thereof should yeeld to the immortall Soule. IIII. Of the Spirit of life, which God breathed into man, in his Creation. V. That man is (as it were) a little World: with a digression touching our mortalitie. VI. Of the free power, which man had in his first creation, to dispose of himselfe. VII. Of Gods ceasing to create any more: and of the cause thereof, because the Vniuersall created was exceeding good.

CHAP. III. Of the place of Paradise. I. That the seate of Paradise is greatly mistaken: and that it is no maruaile that men should erre. II. A recitall of strange opinions, touching Paradise. III. That there was a true locall Paradise Eastward, in the Countrie of Eden. IIII. Why it should bee needfull to intreate diligently of the place of Paradise. V. That the Floud hath not vtterly' defaced the markes of Paradise, nor caused Hils in the Earth. VI. That Paradise was not the whole Earth, as some haue thought: making the Ocean to bee the fountaine of those foure Riuers. VII. Of their opinion, which make Paradise as high as the Moone: and of others, which make it higher than the middle Region of the ayre. VIII. Of their opinion that seaete Paradise vnder the Aequinoctiall: and of the pleasant habitation vnder those Climates. IX. Of the change of the names of places: and that besides that Eden in Coe|lesyria, there is a Countrey in Babylon, once of this name, as is proued out of ESA. 37. and EZECH. 27. X. Of diuers other testimonies of the land of Eden; and that this is the Eden of Paradise. XI. Of the difficultie in the Text, which seemeth to make the foureRiuers to rise from one streame. XII. Of the strange fertilitie and happinesse of the Babylonian soile, as it is certayne that Eden was such. XIII. Of the Riuer Pison, and the land of Hauilah. XIIII. Of the Riuer Gehon and the Land of Cush: and of the ill translating of the Aethiopia for Cush, 2. CHRON. 21. 16. XV. A conclusion by way of repetition of something spoken of before.

CHAP. IIII. Of the two chiefe Trees in the Garden of Paradise. I. That the Tree of Life was a materiall Tree: and in what sense it is to be taken, that man by his eating the forbidden fruit, is made sub|iect to death. II. Of BECANVS his opinion, that the Tree of Knowledge was Ficus Indica. III. Of BECANVS his not vnwittie allegorizing of the Storie of his Ficus Indica. IIII. Of the name of the tree of Knowledge of good and euill: with some other notes touching the storie of ADAMS sinne.

CHAP. V. Of diuers memorable things betweene the fall of ADAM, and the floud of NOAH. I. Of the cause and the reuenge of CAINS sinne: and of his going out from God. II. Of CAINS dwelling in the Land of NOD: and of his Citie Enoch. III. Of MOSES his omitting sundry things concerning CAINS Generation. IIII. Of the diuersities in the Ages of the Patriarchs when they begat their children. V. Of the long liues of the Patriarchs: and some of late memorie. VI. Of the Patriarchs deliuering their knowledge by Tradition: and that ENOCH writ before the Floud. VII. Of the men of renownie before the floud. VIII. That the Giants by MOSES so called, were indeede men of huge bodies: as also diuers in later times.

CHAP. VI. Of idolatrous corruptions, quickly rising, and hardly at length vanishing in the world: and of the Reliques of Truth touching these ancient times, obscurely ap|pearing in Fables and old Legends. I. That in old corruptions we may finde some signes of more ancient truth. II. That the corruptions themselues were very ancient: as in the family of NOAH, and in the old Aegyptians. III. That in processe of time these lesser errours drew on greater: as appeareth in the grosse Superstitions of the Aegyptians. IIII. That from the reliques of ancient Records among the Egyptians and others the first Idols and Fables were inuented: and that the first IVPITER was CAIN, VVLCAN, TVBALCAIN, &c. V. Of the three chiefest IVPITERS; and the strange Storie of the third. VI. Of CHAM, and other wicked ones, whereof some gat, some affected the name of Gods. VII. That the wiser of the ancient Heathen had farre better opinions of God. VIII. That Heathenisme and Iudaisme, after many wounds, were at length about the same time vnder IVLIAN miraculously confounded. IX. Of the last refuges of the Deuill to maintaine his Kingdome.

CHAP. VII. Of NOAHS Floud. I. Of Gods fore-warning: and some humane testimonies: and some doubting touching the truth of NOAHS Floud. II. Of the Floud in the time of : and that this was not NOAHS Floud. III. Of DEVCALIONS Floud: and that this was not NOAHS Floud: nor the Vmbri in Italie a remnant of any vniuersall Floud. IIII. Of some other records testifying the vniuersall floud: and of two ancient deluges in Aegypt: and of some elsewhere. V. That the floud of NOAH was supernaturall, though some say it might haue beene foreseene by the Starres. VI. That there was no neede of any new Creation of matter to make the vni|uersall floud: and what are Catarractae Coeli, GEN. 7. VERS. 11. VII. Of some remaynder of the memorie of NOAH among the Heathen. VIII. Of sundrie particulars touching the Arke: as the place where it was made, the matter, fashion and name. IX. That the Arke was of sufficient capacitie. X. That the Arke rested vpon part of the hill Taurus (or Caucasus) betweene the East Indies, and Scythia. I. A praeterition of some questions lesse materiall: with a note of the vse of this question, to finde out the Metropolis of Nations. II. Aproposall of the common opinion, that the Arke rested vpon some of the hils of Armenia. III. The first argument against the common opinion. They that came to build Babel, would haue come sooner, had they come from so neere a place as Armenia. IIII. The second argument, That the Easterne people were most ancient in populositie, and in all humane glorie. V. The third argument, From the wonderfull resistance which SEMIRAMIS found in the East Indies. VI. The fourth Argument from diuers considerations in the person of NOAH. VII. Of the senselesse opinion of ANNIVS the Commentor vpon BEROSVS: who finds diuers places where the Arke rested; as the Caspian and hils which are three hundred miles asunder; and also some place of Scythia. VIII. The fift argument, The Vine must grow naturally neere the place where the Arke rested. IX. Answere to an obiection out of the words of the Text: The Lord scattered them from thence vpon the face of the whole earth. X. An answere to the obiection from the name of Ararat, taken for Armenia: and the heighth of the Hils there. XI. Of , and diuers farre higher Hils then the Armenian. XII. Of diuers incongruities, if in this Storie we should take Ararat for Armenia. XIII. Of the contrary situation of Armenia to the place noted in the Text: and that it is no that the same ledge of Hils running from Armenia to India, should keepe the same name all along: and euen in India bee called Ararat. XIIII. Of the best Vine naturally growing on the South side of the Mountaines Caucasi and toward the East Indies: and of other excellencies of the Soile. XV. The conclusion, with a briefe repeating of diuers chiefe points.

CHAP. VIII. Of the first planting of Nations after the floud; and of the Sonnes of NOAH, SEM, HAM, and IA|PHET, by whom the earth was repeopled. I. Whether SHEM and HAM were elder then IAPHET. II. Of diuers things that in all reason are to be presumed, touching the first planting of the World, as that all Histories must yeeld to MOSES: that the world was not planted all at once, nor without great direction: and that the knowne great Lords of the first ages were of the issue of HAM. III. Of the Iles of the Gentiles in IAPHETS portion: of BEROSVS his too speedie sea|ting GOMER the sonne of IAPHET in Italie; and another of IAPHETS sonnes TVBAL in Spaine: and of the antiquitie of Longinque Nauigation. IIII. Of GOG and MAGOG, TVBAL, and MESECH, seated first about, out of EZECHIEL [unspec 40] CAP. 38. 39. V. Against the fabulous BEROSVS his fiction, That the Italian IANVS was NOAH. VI. That GOMER also and his sonne TOGORMA of the posteritie of IAPHETH were first seated about Asia the lesse: and that from thence they spred Westward into Europe: and Northward into Sarmatia. VII. Of IAVAN the fourth sonne of IAPHETH: and of MESCH, of ARAM, and MESHECH of IAPHETH. VIII. Of ASCANEZ and RIPHATH, the two elder Sonnes of GOMER. IX. Of the foure Sonnes of IAVAN: and of the double signification of Tharsis, either for a proper name or for the Sea. X. That the seate of CHVSH the eldest sonne of HAM, was in Arabia, not in Aethiopia: and of strange Fables, and Translations of Scripture, grounded vpon the mistaking of this point. I. Of IOSEPHVS his Tale of an Aethiopesse wife to MOSES, grounded on the mistaking of the seate of CVSH. II. A dispute against the Tale of IOSEPHVS. III. Chush ill expounded for Aethiopia, EZECH. 29. 10. IIII. Another place of EZECHIEL, cap. 30. vers. 9. in like manner mistaken. V. A place, ESAY 18. v. 1. in like manner corrupted, by taking Chush for Aethiopia. VI. That vpon the like mistaking, both TERRHAKA in the storie of SENA|CHERIB, and ZERA in the storie of ASA are vn|aduisedly made Aethiopians. VII. A farther exposition of the place, ESAY 18. 1. XI. Of the plantation and antiquities of Egypt. I. That MIZRAIM the chiefe planter of Egypt, and the rest of the sonnes of HAM, were seated in order, one by another. II. Of the time about which the name of Egypt began to be knowne: and of the Egyptians Lunarie yeeres, which made their antiquities seeme the more fabulous. III. Of certayne vaine assertions of the Antiquitie of theAegyptians. IIII. Against PERERIVS: that it is not vnlikely, but that Aegypt was peopled within 200. yeeres after the Creation; at least, that both it, and the most parts of the World were peopled before the Floud. V. Of some other reasons against the opinion of PERERIVS. VI. Of the words of MOSES, GEN. 10. V. vltimo, whereupon PERERIVS grounded his opinion. VII. A conclusion, resoluing of that which is most likely, touching the Aegyptian An|tiquities: with somewhat of PHVT (another Sonne of HAM) which peopled Lybia. XII. Of the eleuen sonnes of CANAAN, the fourth sonne of HAM. I. Of the bounds of the Land of Canaan: with the names of his eleuen sonnes. II. Of the portions of ZIDON and HETH. III. Of the Iebusites and Amorites. IIII. Of the Gergesites, Heuites, and Harkites. V. Of SINI and ARVADI. VI. Of ZEMARI. VII. Of HAMATHI. XIII. Of the sonnes of CHVSH (excepting NIMROD) of whom hereafter. I. That the most of the Sonnes of CHVSH were seated in Arabia the Happy: and of the Sabaeans that robbed IOB: and of the Queene that came to SALOMON. II. IOSEPHVS his opinion of DEDAN, one of the issue of CHVSH to haue beene seated in the West Aethiopia, disproued out of EZECH: and HIEREMIE. XIIII. Of the issue of MIZRAIM: and of the place of HIEREMIE, Chap. 9. Vers. 7. XV. Of the issue of SEM. I. Of ELAM, ASSVR, ARPHAXAD, and LVD. II. Of ARAM, and his Sonnes. III. Of the diuision of the Earth in the time of PHALEG, one of the sonnes of HEBER, of the issue of SEM. IIII. Of the sonnes of IOCTAN, the other sonne of HEBER. V. Of OPHIR one of IOCTANS sonnes, and of Peru, and of that voyage of SALOMON. VI. Of HAVILAH the sonne of IOCTAN, who also passed into the East Indies: and of MESHA and SEPHER named in the bordering of the Families of IOCTAN: with a Conclusion of this discourse touching the plantation of the World.

CHAP. IX. Of the beginning and establishing ofGouernement. I. Of the proceeding from the first Gouernement vnder the eldest of Families to Regall, and from Regall absolute, to Regall tempered with Lawes. II. Of the three commendable sorts of Gouernement with their opposites: and of the degrees of humane societie. III. Of the good Gouernment of the first Kings. IIII. Of the beginning of Nobilitie: and of the vaine vaunt thereof without vertue. CHAP. X. Of NIMROD, BELVS, and NINVS: and of memora|ble things about those times. I. That NIMROD was the first after the Floud that raigned like Soueraigne Lord: and that his beginning seemeth to haue beene of iust authoritie. II. That NIMROD, BELVS, and NINVS were three distinct persons. III. That NIMROD, not ASSVR, built Niniue: and that it is probable out of ESAY 23. 13. that ASSVR built Vr of the Chaldees. IIII. Of the acts of NIMROD and BELVS, as farre as now they are knowne. V. That we are not to maruaile how so many Kingdomes could be erected about these times: and of VEXORIS of Aegypt, and TANAIS of Scythia. VI. Of the name of BELVS, and other names affine vnto it. VII. Of the worshipping of Images begunne from BELVS in Babel. VIII. Of the Warres of NINVS: and lastly of his Warre against ZOROASTER. CHAP. XI. Of ZOROASTER, supposed to haue beene the chiefe Author of Magick arts: and of the diuers kindes of Magicke. I. That ZOROASTER was not CHAM, nor the first Inuenter of Astrologie, or of Magicke: and that there were diuers great Magicians of this name. II. Of the name of Magia: and that it was anciently farre diuers from Coniuring, and Witchcraft. III. That the good knowledge in the ancient is not to bee condemned: though the Deuill here as in other kinds hath sought to obtrude euill things, vnder the name and colour of good things. IIII. That DANIELS mistiking NABVCHODONOSORS condemning of the Magicians doth not iustifie all their practices. V. The abuse of things which may bee found in all kinds, is not to condemne the right vse of them. VI. Of the diuers kindes of vnlawfull Magicke. VII. Of diuerswayes by which the Deuill seemeth to worke his wonders. VIII. That none was euer raysed from the dead by the power of the Deuill: and that it was not the true SAMVEL which appeared to SAVL.

CHAP. XII. Of the memorable buildings of NINVS, and of his wife SEMIRAMIS: and of other of her acts. I. Of the building of Niniue by NINVS: and of Babylon by SEMIRAMIS. II. Of the end of NINVS: and beginning of SEMIRAMIS reigne. III. Of SEMIRAMIS parentage and education, and of her Mother. IIII. Of her Expedition into India, and death after discomfiture: with a note of theimprobabilitie of her vices. V. Of the Temple of BELVS built by SEMIRAMIS: and of the Py|ramides of Aegypt. THE FIRST PART OF THE HISTORIE OF THE WORLD: INTREATING OF THE TIMES FROM The birth of ABRAHAM to the destruction of the Temple of Salomon.

THE SECOND BOOKE.

CHAP. I. Of the time of the birth of ABRAHAM: and of the vse of this question, for the ordering of the Sto|rie of the Assyrian Empire. I. Of some of the successours of SEMIRAMIS: with a briefe transition to the question, about the time of the birth of ABRAHAM. II. A proposall of reasons or arguments, that are brought to proue ABRAHAM was borne in the yeere 292. after the Floud, and not in the yeere 352. III. The answere to one of the obiections proposed, shewing that ABRAHAM made but one iourney out of Mesopotamia into Canaan: and it, after his Fathers death. IIII. The answere to another of the obiections proposed, shewing that it was not vnlikely, that TERAH should beget ABRAHAM in his hundred and thirty yeere. V. The answere to two more of the obiections: shewing that wee may haue certaintie of ABRA|HAMS age from the Scripture, though we make not ABRAHAM the eldest Sonne: and that there was great cause, why in the story of ABRAHAM his two brethren should be respected. VI. That the naming of ABRAHAM first of the three brethren, Gen. 11. v. 26. doth not proue that hee was the eldest: together with diuers reasons proouing that ABRAHAM was not the eldest sonne of TERAH. VII. A conclusion of this dispute, noting the Authors on both sides: with an admonition that they which shorten the times, make all ancient stories the more vnprobable. VIII. A computation of the times of the Assyrians and others, grounded vpon the times noted in the storie of ABRAHAM. IX. That AMRAPHEL, one of the foure Kings whom ABRAHAM ouertbrew, Gen. 14. may probably be thought to haue beene NINIAS the sonne of NINVS. X. of ARIOCH another of the Kings, and that ELLAS, whereof he is said to haue beene King, lies betwene Coelesyria and Ara|bia Petraea. XI. Of TIDAL another of the soure Kings. XII. That CHEDORLAOMER the chiefe of the 4. Kings was not of Assyria, but of Persia: and that the Assyrian Empire at this time was much impaired. XIII. That it is not vnprobable that the foure Kings had no dominion in the Countries named, but that they had else-where with their colonies planted themselues: and so retained the names of the Countries whence they came: which if it be so, we neede not say that AMRAPHEL was NINIAS, nor trouble our selues with many other difficulties.

CHAP. II. Of the Kings of Aegypt from the first peopling of it after the Floud, to the time of the deliuerie of the Israe|lites from thence. I. A briefe of the names and times of the first Kings of Aegypt: with a note of the causes of difficulty in resoluing of the trueth in these points. II. That by the account of the Aegyptian Dynasties, and otherwise, it appeares that CHAMS reigne in Aegypt began in the yeere after the Floud, 191. III. That these Dynasties were not diuers families of Kings, but rather successions of Regents, oft times many vnder one King. IIII. Of CHAM, and his sonne MIZRAIM, or OSIRIS. V. Of the time when OSIRIS reigne ended: and that IACOB came into Aegypt in the time of ORVS the sonne of OSIRIS. VI. Of TYPHON, HERCVLES AEGYPTVS, ORVS, and the two SESOSTRES, successiuely reig|ning after MIZRAIM: and of diuers errors about the former SESOSTRES. VII. Of BVSIRIS the first oppressor of the Israelites: and of his successor Queene THER|MVTIS that tooke vp MOSES out of the water. VIII. Of the two brethren of Queene THERMVTIS: and what king it was, vnder whom MOSES was borne: and who it was that perished in the red Sea.

CHAP. III. Of the deliuery of Israel out of Aegypt. I. Of the time of MOSES birth, and how long the Israelites were op|pressed in Aegypt. II. Of diuers Cities and places in Aegypt, mentioned in this Story, or else|where in the Scripture. III. Of the cruelty against the Israelites yong children in Aegypt: and of MOSES his preseruation, and education. IIII. Of MOSES his flying out of Aegypt; and the opinions of certaine ancient Historians of his warre in AEthiopia; and of his marriage there: PHILO his iudgement of his Pastorall life: and that of PERERIVS of the Bookes of GENESIS and . V. Of PHARAOHS pursuit of the Israelites: and of their possage towards the Red Sea, so farre as Succoth. VI. Of the Solarie and Lunarie yeeres: and how they are reconciled: with the forme of the Hebrew yeere, and their manner of intarcalation. VII. Of the passage of Israel from Succoth towards the Red Sea: and of the diuers wayes leading out of Aegypt. VIII. Of their passage ouer the Red Sea: and of the Red Sea it selfe. IX. That the passage through the Red Sea was miraculous, and not at a low Ebbe.

CHAP. IIII. Of the iournying of the Israelites from the Red Sea, to the place where the Law was giuen them: with a discourse of Lawes. I. A transition, by way of recapitulation of some things touching Chronologie: with a continuance of the storie, vntill the Amalekites met with the Israelites. II. Of the Amalekites, Madianites, and Kenites, vpon occasion of the battell with the Amalekites, and IETHROES comming: who being a Kenite, was Priest of Madian. III. Of the time when the Law was giuen: with diuers commendations of the inuention of Lawes. IIII. Of the name and meaning of the words, Law, and Right. V. Of the definition of Lawes, and of the law eternall. VI. Of the Law of Nature. VII. Of the written Law of God. VIII. Of the vnwritten law of God, giuen to the Patriarks by Tradition. IX. Of the Morall, Iudiciall, and Ceremoniall Law, with a note prefixed, How the Scripture speaketh not alway in one sense, when it nameth the Law of MOSES. X. A proposall of nine other points to be considered, with a touch of the fiue first. XI. Of the sixth poynt, to wit, of the difference and agreement of the Old and New Testament. XII. Of the rest of the points proposed. XIII. Of the seuerall Commandements of the Decalogue: and that the difficultie is not in respect of the Commandements, but by our [unspec 10] default. XIIII. If there were not any Religion nor Iudgement to come, yet the Decalogue were most necessarie to be obserued. XV. Of humane Law, written and vnwritten. XVI. That onely the Prince is exempt from humane lawes, and in what sort.

CHAP. V. The Storie of the from the receiuing of the Law to the death of MOSES. I. Of the numbring and disposing of the Host of Israel, for their marches through the Wildernesse; with a note of the giuen to the worship of God, in this ordering of their troupes. II. The offerings of the twelue Princes: the Passeouer of the second yeere: The departing of IETHRO. III. The voiage from Horeb to Kades: the mutinies by the way: and the cause of their turning backe to the red Sea. IIII. Of their vnwillingnesse to returne: with the punishment thereof, and of diuers accidents in the returne. V. Of MOSES arriuall at Zin Kades: and the accidents while they abode there. VI. Of their compassing Idumaea, and trauailing to Arnon, the border of Moab. VII. Of the Booke of the battailes of the Lord, mentioned in this Storie, and of other Bookes mentioned in Scripture which are lost. VIII. Of MOSES his sparing the issue of LOT; and of the Giants in those parts; and of SEHON and OG. IX. Of the troubles about the Madianites, and of MOSES his death. X. Obseruations out of the Storie of MOSES, how God disposeth both the smallest occasions, and the greatest resistances, to the effecting of his purpose.

CHAP. VI. Of the Nations with whom the Israelites had dealing after their comming out of Aegypt; and of the men of re|nowne in other Nations, about the times of MOSES and IOSVA, with the summe of the Historie of IOSVA. I. How the Nations with whom the Israelites were to haue Warre, were diuers wayes, as it were, prepared to be their enemies. II. Of the Kings of the Canaanites and Madianites, mentioned in the ancient Warres of the Israelites. III. Of the Amalekites and Ismaelites. IIII. Of the instauration of ciuilitie in Europe about these times, and of PROMETHEVS and ATLAS. V. Of DEVCALION and PHAETON. VI. Of HERMES TRISMEGISTVS. VII. Of IANNES and IAMBRES, and some other that liued about those times. VIII. A Briese of the Historie of IOSVA; and of the space betweene him and OTHONIEL: and of the remainders of the Canaanites; with a note of some Contemporaries to IOSVA: and of the breach of Faith.

CHAP. VII. Of the Tribes of, that were planted in the borders of Phoenicia, with sundrie Stories dependingvpon those places. I. The Proaeme to the description of the whole Land of Canaan, with an exposition of the name of Syria. II. Of the bounds of the Land of Canaan, and of the promises touching this Land. III. THE TRIBE OF ASHER. I. The bounds of the Tribe of Asher. II. Of Zidon. III. Of Sarepta, with a briefe Historie of Tyre in the same coast. IIII. Of Ptolomais or Acon. V. Of the Castle of St. GEORGE. VI. Of Acziba, Sandalium, and others. VII. Of Thoron, Giscala, and some other places. VIII. Of the Riuers and Mountaines of Asser. IIII. THE TRIBE OF NEPHTALIM. I. Of the bounds of Nephtalim, and of Heliopolis, and Abila. II. Of Hazor. III. Of Caesaria Philippi. IIII. Of Capernaum, and the Cities of Decapolis. V. Of Hamath. VI. Of Reblatha and Rama, and diuers other Townes. V. THE TRIBE OF ZABVLON. VI. THE TRIBE OF JSACHAR. VII. THE HALFE OF THE TRIBE OF MANASSE. I. Of the bounds of this halfe Tribe: and of Scythopolis,Salem, Thersa, and others. II. Of Caesaria Palaestinae, and some other Townes.

CHAP. VIII. Of the Kingdome of Phoenicia. I. The bounds and chiefe Cities, and Founders, and Name, of this Kingdome: and of the inuention of Letters ascribed to them. II. Of the Kings of Tyre. III. Of BOZIVS his conceit that the Edumaeins inhabiting along the Red Sea, were the Progenitors of the Tyrians, and that the Tyrtans from them receiued and brought into Phoenicia the know|ledge of the true GOD.

CHAP. IX. Of the Tribe of EPHRAIM, and of the Kings of the tenne Tribes, whose head was EPHRAIM. I. Of the memorable places in the Tribe of EPHRAIM. II. Of the Kings of the ten Tribes from IEROBOAM to ACHAB. III. Of ACHAB and his Successors, with the captinitie of the ten Tribes.

CHAP. X. Of the memorable places of DAN, SIMEON, IVDA, RVBEN, GAD, and the other halfe of MANASSE. I. Of DAN, where of Ioppe, Gath, Accaron, Azotus, and other Townes. II. THE TRIBE OF SIMEON. III. THE TRIBE OF JVDA. IIII. THE TRIBE OF REVBEN and his Borderers. I. The seates and bounds of Midian, Moab, and Ammon,part whereof the Reubenites wanne from SEHON King of Hesbon. II. Of the memorable places of the Rubenites. III. Of diuers places bordering Reuben belonging to Midian, Moab or Edom. IIII. Of the Dead Sea. V. Of the Kings of Moab, much of whose Countrie within Arnon REVBEN possest. V. Of the memorable places of the Gadites, and the bordering places of Ammon. VI. Of the Ammonites, part of whose Territories the e s wanne from OG the King of Basan. VII. Of the other halse of MANASSE. CHAP. XI. The Historie of the Syrians the chiefe borderers of the Jsraelites that dwelt on the East of Jordan. I. Of the Citie of Damascus and the diuers fortunes thereof. II. Of the first Kings of Damascus, and of the growing vp of their power: III. Of the later Kings, and decay and ouerthrow of their power. IIII. Of other lesser Kingdomes of the Syrians, which being brought vnder the Assyrians, neuer recouered themselues againe.

CHAP. XII. Of the Tribe of BENIAMIN, and of Hierusalem. I. Of diuers memorable places in the Tribe of Beniamin, whereof , Gilgal, Mitspa, Bethel, Rama, Gobah and Gibha. II. Of diuers memorable things concerning Hierusalem. III. Of the destruction of Ierusalem by the Romans. IIII. Of the vaine and malicious reports of Heathen writers, touching the ancient Iewes.

CHAP. XIII. Of the memorable things that happened in the world, from the death of IOSVA to the Warre of Troy: which was about the time of IEPHTHA. I. Of the inter-regnum after IOSVA'S death: and of OTHONIEL. II. Of the memorable things of this Age in other Nations: and of the difficultie in the computation of times. III. Of EHVDS time, and of, ORITHYA, TEREVS, TANTALVS, TITYVS, ADMETVS, and others that liued about those times. IIII. Of DEBORA and her Contemporaries. The first Kings of the Argiues were these. V. Of GIDEON, and of DAEDALVS, SPHINX, MINOS, and others that liued in this Age. VI. Of the expedition of the Argonauts. VII. Of ABIMELECH, THOLAH, and IAIR, and of the Lapythae, and of THESEVS, HYPPOLYTVS, &c. VII. Of the warre of Thebes which was in this age. VIII. Of IEPHTA, and how the three hundred yeeres which hee speaketh of, IVD. 11. v. 28. are to bee reconciled with the places, ACT. 13. 20. 1. REG. 6. 1. together with some other things touching Chronologie about these times.

CHAP. XIIII. Of the Warre of Troy. I. Of the Genealogie of the Kings of Troy, with a note touching the an|cient Poets how they haue obserued Historicall truth. II. Of the Rape of HELEN: and strength of both sides for the warre. III. Of the Graecians iourney, and Embassage to Troy, and of Helenaes being detained in Aegypt; and of the Sacrificing of Iphigenia. IIII. Of the Actes of the at the siege. V. Of the taking of Troy, the woodden Horse, the Booke of DARES and DYCTIS, the Colonies of the reliques of Troy. VI. Of the distresses and dispersions of the Greekes returning from Troy. CHAP. XV. Of SAMSON, ELI, and SAMVEL. I. Of SAMSON. II. Of ELI and of the Arke taken, and of DAGONS fall, and the sending backe of the Arke. III. Of SAMVEL, and of his Gouernment. CHAP. XVI. Of SAVL. I. Of the deliberation to change the gouernment into a Kingdome. II. Of the election of SAVL. III. Of the establishing of SAVL by his first victories. IIII. Of SAVLS disobedience in his proceedings in the Warres with the Philistims and Amalekites, which caused his finall reiection. V. Of the betweene the reiection of SAVL and his death. VI. Of such as liued with SAMVEL and SAVL; of HELLEN and HERCVLES, and of their issues: vpon occasion of the DORES, with the HERA|CLIDAE, entring PELOPONESVS about this time. VII. Of HOMER and HESIOD, and many changes in the world, that happened about this age:

CHAP. XVII. Of DAVID. I. Of DAVIDS estate in the time of SAVL. II. Of the beginning of DAVIDS reigne, and the warre made by ABNER for ISBOSETH. III. Of the death of ABNER slaine by IOAB, and of ISBOSETH by RECHAB and BAANAH. IIII. Of the flourishing time of DAVIDS Kingdome, the taking of Ierusalem, with two ouerthrowes giuen to the Philistims, and the conduction of the Arke to the Citie of DAVID. V. The of the Philistims and Moabites. VI. The warre which DAVID made vpon the Syrians. VII. Of DAVIDS troubles in his reigne, and of his forces. VIII. Of the last acts of DAVID; ADONIAHS faction; the vpon IOAB and SHIMEI. IX. Of the treasures of DAVID and SALOMON. X. Of the Philistims, whom DAVID absolutely mastered: and of sundry other contemporaries with DAVID.

CHAP. XVIII. Of SALOMON. I. Of the establishing of SALOMON: of birthright, and of the cause of ADONIAHS death, and of SALOMONS Wisedome. II. Of SALOMONs buildings and glorie. III. Of SALOMONs sending to Ophir, and of some seeming contra|dictions about SALOMONs riches, and of PINEDAES conceipt of two strange passages about Africke. IIII. Of the fall of SALOMON, and how long he liued. V. Of SALOMONS. VI. Of the Contemporaries of SALOMON.

CHAP. XIX. Of SALOMONS Successors vntill the end of IEHOSAPHAT. I. Of REHOBOAM his beginnings: the defection of the ten Tribes, and . II. Of REHOBOAM his impietie; for which hee was punished by SESAC: of his end and Contemporaries. III. Of the great battaile betweene IEROBOAM and ABIA, with a Corolarie of the examples of Gods iudgements. IIII. Of ASA and his Contemporaries. V. Of the great alteration falling out in the ten Tribes during the raigne of ASA. VI. A coniecture of the causes hindering the reunion of Israel with Iuda, which might haue been effected by these troubles. VII. Of IEHOSAPHAT and his contem|poraries. CHAP. XX. Of IEHORAM the sonne of IEHOSAPHAT, and AHAZIA. I. That IEHORAM was made King sundry times. II. Probable coniectures of the motiues inducing the old King IEHO|SAPHAT to change his purpose often, in making his sonne IEHORAM King. III. The doings of IEHORAM when he reigned alone; and the rebellion of Edom and Libna. IIII. Of the miseries falling vpon IEHORAM, and of his death. V. Of the raigne of AHAZIA, and his businesse with the King of Israel. VI. How AHAZIA perished with the house of AHAB: and how that Familie was destroyed by IEHV.

CHAP. XXI. Of ATHALIA, and whose Sonne he was that suc|ceeded vnto her. I. Of ATHALIA her vsurping the Kingdome, and what pretences shee might forge. II. How IEHV spent his time in Israel, so that he could not molest ATHALIA. III. Of ATHALIAHS Gouernement. IIII. Of the preseruation of IOAS. V. Whose Sonne IOAS was. I. Whether IOAS may be thought likely to haue beene the Sonne of AHAZIA. II. That IOAS did not descend from NATHAN. III. That IOAS may probably be thought to haue beene the sonne of IEHORAM. IIII. Vpon reasons ATHALIA might to destroy IOAS, if he were her owne . VI. , wherein is maintained the liberty of vsing con|iecture in Histories. VII. The conspiracie against ATHALIA. VIII. The death of ATHALIA, with a comparison of her and IEZABEL.

CHAP. XXII. Of IOAS and AMASIA, with their Contemporaries; where somewhat of the building of Carthage. I. Of IOAS his doings, whilest IEHOIADA the Priest liued. II. The death of IEHOIADA, and Apostasie of IOAS. III. The and time of the Syrians inuading Iuda in the dayes of IOAS. IIII. How ZACHARIA was murdered by IOAS. V. How IOAS was shamefully beaten by the Aramites, and of his death. VI. Of the Princes liuing in the time of IOAS: Of the time when Carthage was built; and of DIDO. VII. The beginning of AMAZIA his reigne. Of IOAS King of Israel, and ELISHA the Prophet. VIII. Of AMAZIA his warre against EDOM; His Apostasie; and ouerthrow by IOAS. IX. A discourse of the reasons hindering IOAS from vniting IVDA to the Crowne of Israel, when he had wonne Ierusalem, and held AMAZIA prisoner. The end of IOAS his Raigne. X. The end of AMAZIA his and Life. XI. Of the Interregnum, or vacancie, that was in the Kingdome of IVDA, after the death of AMAZIA. XII. Of Princes Contemporarie with , and more particu|larly of SARDANAPALVS.

CHAP. XXIII. Of VZZIA. I. The prosperitie of VZZIA, and of IEROBOAM the second, who raigned with him in Israel. Of the Anarchie that was in the tenne Tribes after the death of IEROBOAM. Of ZACHARIA, SAL|LVM, [unspec 30] MENAHEM and PEKAHIA. II. The end of VZZIA his Raigne and life. III. Of the Prophets which liued in the time of VZZIA; and of Princes then ruling in Aegypt, and in some other Countries. IIII. Of the Assyrian Kings, descending from PHVL: and whether PHVL and BELOSVS were one person; or heads of sundrie Families, that raigned a-part in Niniue and Babylon. V. Of the Olympiads, and the time when they began. VI. Of IOTHAM and his Contemporaries. VII. Of ACHAZ and his Contemporaries.

CHAP. XXIIII. Of the Antiquities of , and of Rome in the time of AHAS. I. Of the old Inhabitants, and of the name of Italie. II. Of the Aborigines, and other Inhabitants of Latium, and of the reason of the names of Latini and Latium. III. Of the ancient Kings of the Latines vntill AENEAS his comming. IIII. Of AENEAS, and of the Kings and Gouernours of Alba. V. Of the beginning of Rome, and of ROMVLVS birth and death.

CHAP. XXV. Of EZEKIA, and his Contemporaries: I. Of the beginning of EZECHIAS, and of the agreeing of PTOLOMIES, NABONASSAR, NABOPOLASSAR and MARDOCEM|PADVS, with the historie of the Bible. II. Of the danger and of Iudaea from SENNACHERIB. III. Of his sicknesse and recouerie; and of the Babylonian King that congratulated him. IIII. The Kings that were in Media during the raigne of EZEKIA: Of the difference found betweene sundrie Authors, in rehearsing the Median Kings. Other contemporaries of EZEKIA: of CANDAV|LES, GYGES, and the Kings descen|ded from HERCVLES. CHAP. XXVI. Of the Kings that raigned in Aegypt, betweene the deliue|rance of ISRAEL from thence, and the raigne of EZEKIA in Juda, when Aegypt and Iuda made a league against the Assyrians. I. That many names of Aegyptian Kings, found in Historie, are like to belonged only to Viceroyes. An example prouing this out of WILLIAM of Tyre his Historie of the holy Warre. II. Of ACHERRES; whether he were VCHOREVS that was the eighth from OSYMANDYAS. Of OSYMANDYAS and his Tombe. III. Of CHERRES, ARMEVS, RAMESSES, and AMENOPHIS. Of MYRIS, and the Lake that beares his name. IIII. Of the Kings that raigned in the Dynastie of the Larthes. V. Of Aegyptian Kings whose names are found scattering in sundrie Authors, their times being not recorded. The Kings of Aegypt, according to CEDRENVS. Of VAPHRES and SESAC. VI. Of CHEMMIS, CHEOPS, , and other Kings recited by HERODOTVS and DIODORVS SICVLVS, which raigned betweene the times of REHO|BOAM and EZEKIA. VII. Of SETHON who raigned with EZEKIA, and sided with him against .

CHAP. XXVII. Of MANASSE and his Contemporaries. I. The wickednesse of MANASSES. His imprisonment, Repentance, and Death. II. Of troubles in Aegypt following the death of SETHON. The raigne of PSAMMITICVS. III. What reference these Aegyptian matters might haue to the imprisonment and enlargement of MANASSES. In what part of his raigne MA|NASSES was taken prisoner. IIII. Of the first and second Messenian Warres, which were in the raignes of EZEKIA, and MANASSES Kings of Iuda. V. Of the Kings that were in Lydia and Media, MANASSES raigned. Whether DEIOCES the Mede were that AR|PHAXAD which is mentioned in the Booke of IVDITH. Of the historie of IVDITH. VI. Of other Princes and actions that were in these times.

CHAP. XXVIII. Of the times from the death of MANASSES to the destruction of Jerusalem. I. Of AMMON and IOSIAS. II. Of PHARAO NECO that fought with IOSIAS: Of IEHOAHAZ and IEHOIAKIM Kings of Iuda. III. Of the Kings of Babylon and Media. How it came to passe that the Kings of Babel could not giue attendance on their businesse in Syria; which caused them to loose that Prouince. IIII. The great expedition of the Scythians, who ruled in Asia eight and twentie yeeres. I. The time of this expedition. † II. What Nations they were that brake into Asia; with the cause of their Iournie. III. Of the Ciminerians warre in Lydia. IIII. The warre of the Scythians in the higher Asia. V. Of Princes liuing in diuers Countries, in these ages. VI. The of Iudaea, and destruction of Ierusalem by the Chaldaeans. THE FISRT PART OF THE HISTORIE OF THE WORLD: INTREATING OF THE TIMES FROM the destruction of Ierusalem, to the time of PHILIP of Macedon.

THE THIRD BOOKE.

CHAP. I. Of the time passing betweene the destruction of, and the fall of the Assy|rian Empire. I. Of the connexion of Sacred and Historie. II. A briefe rehearsall of two opinions, touching the beginning of the captiuitie: with an answere to the cauills of PORPHYRIE, inueighing against S. MATTHEW, and DANIEL, vpon whom the later of these opinions is founded. III. That the 70. yeeres of captiuitie are to be numbred from the of Ierusalem; not from the migration of IECHONIA. IIII. Sundrie opinions of the Kings which raigned in Babylon during the 70. yeeres. V. A more particular examination of one opinion touching the number, persons, and raignes of the Babylonian Kings. VI. What may be held as probable of the Persons and Times of NABVCHO|DONOSOR his successors. VII. Of the victories which NABVCHODONOSOR obtained betweene the destruction of Ierusalem and conquest of Aegypt. VIII. That Aegypt was conquered, and the King therein raigning slaine by NABVCHODO|NOSOR, contrarie to the opinion of most Authors: who following HERO|DOTVS and DIODORVS, relate it otherwise. IX. How Aegypt was subdued and held by NABVCHADNEZZAR. X. Of the sundry accompts drawne from sundry acts of NEBVCHADNEZZAR, and of the destruction of Niniuie, by him; the time of which action is vncertaine. XI. Of the later time of NEBVCHADNEZZAR; his buildings, madnesse, and death. XII. Of EVILMERODACH. XIII. Apriuate coniecture of the Author; seruing to make good those things, which are cited out of BEROSVS, concerning the Successors of EVILMERO|DACH, without wrong to the truth, the qualitie, and death of BALTHASAR.

CHAP. II. Of the originall and first greatnesse of the Persians. I. That the Medes were chiefe actors in the subuersion of theBabylonian Empire. II. By what meanes the Empire was translated from the Medes to the Persians. III. XENOPHONS relation of the Warre with the and Per|sians, made with ioynt forces vpon the Assyrians, and others. IIII. The estate of the Medes and Persians in times fore-going this great Warre. CHAP. III. Of CYRVS. I. Of CYRVS his name and first actions. II. Of CROESVS the King of Lydia, who made warre vpon CYRVS. III. CROESVS his Expedition against CYRVS. IIII. The Conquest of Lydia by CYRVS. V. How CYRVS wonne Babylon. VI. The end of CYRVS. VII. Of CYRVS his decree for building the Temple of God in Ierusalem. VIII. Of CYRVS his issue: and whether ATOSSA were his daughter, or (as some thinke) were the same with Queene HESTER.

CHAP. IIII. The estate of things from the death of CYRVS to the Raigne of DARIVS. I. Of the number and names of the Persian Kings. II. Of CAMBYSES, and the conquering of Aegypt by him. III. The rest of CAMBYSE s his acts. IIII. Of the inter-regnum betweene CAMBYSES and DARIVS.

CHAP. V. Of DARIVS the sonne of HYSTASPES. I. Of DARIVS his Linage. II. Of DARIVS his Gouernment, and suppressing the rebellion of Babylon. III. Of DARIVS his fauour to the Iewes in building the Temple. IIII. Of DARIVS his Scythian Warre. V. Some actions of the Persians in Europe, after the Scythian Warre. VI. The first occasion of the Warre which DARIVS made vpon Greece, with arehear sall of the gouernment in Athens, whence the the quarrell grew. VII. Of the Ionian Rebellion, which was the principall cause of the warres betweene Greece and Persia. VIII. The Warre which DARIVS made vpon Greece, with the battaile of MARATHON, and DARIVS his death.

CHAP. VI. Of XERXES. I. The preparation of XERXES against Greece. II. XERXES Armie entertained by PYTHIVS: His cutting off Mount Athos from the Continent: his bridge of Boates ouer the Hellespont: and the discourse betweene him and ARTABANVS vp. on the view of his Armie. III. Of the fights at Thermopylae and Artemisium. IIII. The attempt of XERXES vpon APOLLOE'S temple: and his taking of Athens. V. How THEMISTOCLES the Athenian drew the Greekes to fight at Salamis. VI. How the Persians consulted about giuing battaile: and how THEMISTO|CLES by policie held the Greekes to their resolution; with the vi|ctorie at Salamis thereupon ensuing. VII. Of things following after the battaile of Salamis: and of the flight of XERXES. VIII. The negotiations betweene MARDONIVS and the Athenians, as also be|tweene the Athenians and Lacedaemonians; after the slight of XERXES. IX. The great battaile of . X. The battaile of Mycale, with a strange accident that fell out in the be|ginning of it: and examples of the like. XI. Of the barbarous qualitie of XERXES: with a transition from the Persian affaires to matters of Greece, which from this time grew more worthie of regard.

CHAP. VII. Of things that passed in Greece from the end of the Persian Warre, to the beginning of the Peloponnesian. I. How Athens was rebuilt and fortified. II. The beginning of the Athenian greatnesse, and prosperous warres madeby that State vpon the Persian. III. The death of XERXES by the treason of ARTABANVS. IIII. The banishment of THEMISTOCLES: His flight to ARTAXERXES newly in Persia; and his death. V. How the Athenians, breaking the peace, which to their great honour they had made with the Persian, were shamefully beaten in Aegypt. VI. Of other Warres made by the Athenians for the most part with good successe, about the same time. VII. Of ARTAXERXES LONGIMANVS, that he was AHASHVEROSH the husband of Queene HESTER. VIII. Of the troubles in Greece, foregoing the Peloponnesian Warre.

CHAP. VIII. Of the Peloponnesian Warre. I. Vpon what termes the two principall Cities of Greece, Athens and Sparta, stood, at the beginning of the Peloponnesian Warre. II. How Sparta and Athens entred into Warre. III. The beginning of the Peloponnesian Warre. IIII. Of the great losse which the Spartans receiued at Pylus. V. How the Lacedaemonians hardly, and to their great disaduantage, obtained a peace, that was not well kept. VI. Of the negotiations, and practices, held betweene many States of Greece, by occasion of the peace that was concluded. VII. How the peace betweene Athens and Sparta was ill kept, though not openly broken. VIII. The Athenians sending two fleets to sacke Siracuse, are put to flight and vtterly discomfited. IX. Of the troubles where-into the State of Athens fell, after the great losse of the Fleet, and Armie, in Sicilia. X. How ALCIBIADES wanne many important victories for the Athenians; was recalled from exile; made their Generall, and againe deposed. XI. The battaile at Arginusa, and condemnation of the victorious Athenian Captaines by the people. XII. The battaile at Aegos-Potamos, wherein the whole State of Athens was ruined; with the end of the Peloponnesian Warre.

CHAP. IX. Of matters concurring with the Peloponnesian Warre, or shortly following it. I. How the affaires of Persia in these times. II. How the thirtie Tyrants got their Dominion in Athens. III. The conspiracie against the thirtie Tyrants, and their depositior.

CHAP. X. Of the expedition of CYRVS the younger. I. The grounds of CYRVS his attempt against his brother. II. The preparations of CYRVS, and his first entrie into the Warre. III. How CYRVS tooke his iourney into the higher Asia, and came vp close to his Brother. IIII. The battaile betweene CYRVS and ARTAXERXES. V. The hard estate of the Greekes after the fight; and how ARTAXERXES in vaine sought to haue made them yeeld vnto him. VI. How the Greekes beganne to returne home-wards. VII. How TISSAPHERNES, vnder colour of peace, betraied all the Captaines of the Greekes. VIII. How XENOPHON heartened the Greekes, and in despight of TISSA|PHERNES went off safely. IX. The difficulties which the Greeke Armie found in passing through the Land of the Carduchi. X. How Gouernour of Armenia, seeking to entrap the Greekes with termes of fained peace, was disappointed and shamefully beaten. XI. The passage of the Armie to Trabizonde, through the Countries bordering vpon the Riuer of Phasis, and other ob|scure Nations. XII. How the Armie beganne at Trabizond to prouide a Fleet, wherewith to returne home by Sea: how it came into the Territorie of Sinope, and there prosequuted the same purpose. XIII. Of dissension which arose in the Armie; and how it was embarked. XIIII. Another great dissension and distraction of the Armie. How the muti|ners were beaten by the Barbarians, and rescued by XENOPHON. XV. Of diuers pieces of seruice done by XENOPHON; and how the Armie retur|nedinto Greece. The occasions of the betweene the Lacedae|monians and the Persian.

CHAP. XI. Of the affaires of Greece, whilest they were managed by the Lacedaemonians. I. How the Lacedaemonians tooke courage by example of XENOPHONS Armie, to make Warre vpon ARTAXERXES. II. The prosperous beginnings of the warre in Asia. III. How the Lacedaemonians tooke reuenge vpon the Eleans for old displeasure. The discontents of the Corinthians and Thebans, conceiued against the State of Sparta. IIII. The passage of AGESILAVS Asia. His warre with TISSAPHERNES. How TISSAPHERNES was put to death, and the warre diuerted into an|other Prouince, through perswasion and gifts of TITHRAVSTES his successor. How carlesse the Persian Lieutenants were of the Kings good. V. The Warre and Treatie betweene AGESILAVS and PHARNABAZVS. VI. The great commotions raised in Greece by the Thebans and others, that were with gold from the Persian. VII. How AGESILAVS was called out of Asia to helpe his Countrie. A victorie of the Spartans. CONON the Athenian, assisted by PHARNABAZVS, ouercomes the Lacedaemonian fleet; recouers the of the Seas; and rebuilds the walls of Athens. VIII. Of sundrie small victories gotten on each part. The Lacedaemonians lose all in Asia; The Athenians recouer some part of their old Dominion. IX. The base conditions offered vnto the Persian by the Lacedaemonians. Of sundrie fights and other passages in the warre. The peace of ANTALCIDAS. X. The wrare which the Lacedaemonians made vpon Olynthus. They take Thebes by treason; and Olynthus by famine. XI. How the Thebans recouered their libertie, driuing out the Lace|daemonian Garrison.

CHAP. XII. Of the flourishing estate of Thebes, from the battaile of Leuctra to the battaile of . I. How Thebes and Athenr ioyned together against Sparta. How the Athenians made peace for themselues, and others, out of which the Thebans were exclu|ded. [unspec 10] The battaile of Leuctra, and beginning of the Theban greatnesse. II. How the Athenians tooke vpon them to maintaine the peace of Greece. New troubles hence arising. EPAMINONDAS inuadeth and wasteth the Territorie of Lacedaemon. III. The composition betweene Athens and Sparta for command in warre against the Thebans; who againe inuade and Pelopennesus. The vnfortunate presumption of the Arcadians. IIII. The great growth of the Theban Estate. Embassages of the Greekes to the Per|sian; with the reasons why he most fauoured the Thebans. Troubles in the Persian Empire, The fruitlesse issue of the Embassages. V. How all Greece was diuided, betweene the Athenians and Lacedaemonians, on the one side, and Thebans on the other. Of the great tumults ri|sing in Arcadia. VI. A terrible inuasion of Peloponnesus by EPAMINONDAS. VII. The great battaile of Mantinaea. The honourable death of EPAMI|NONDAS, with his commendation. VIII. Of the peace concluded in after the of . The voiage of AGESILAVS into Aegypt. His death, and qualities; with an exa|mination of the comparison made betweene him and POMPEY the Roman. THE FIRST PART OF THE HISTORIE OF THE WORLD: INTREATING OF THE TIMES FROM the raigne of PHILIP of MACEDON, to the establishing of that Kingdome, in the race of ANTIGONVS.

THE FOVRTH BOOKE.

CHAP. I. Of PHILIP, the Father of ALEXANDER the Great, King of Macedon. I. What Kings raigned in Macedon before PHILIP. II. The beginning of PHILIPS raigne; and how he deliuered Macedon from the troubles wherein he found it entangled. III. The good successe which PHILIP had in many enterprises. IIII. Of the Phocian Warre which first drew PHILIP into Greece. V. Of the Olynthian Warre. The ambitious practices of PHILIP. VI. How PHILIP ended the Phocian Warre. VII. How PHILIP with ill successe attempted vpon Perinthus, Byzantium, and the Scythians. VIII. How PHILIP ouerthrowing the Greekes in the battaile of Chaeronaea, was chosen Captaine-Generall of Greece. The death of PHILIP. IX. What good foundations of ALEXANDERS greatnesse were laied by PHILIP. Of his qualities, and .

CHAP. II. Of ALEXANDER the Great. I. A briefe rehearsall of ALEXANDERS doings, before inuaded Asia. II. How ALEXANDER passing into Asia, fought with the Persians vpon the Riuer of Granicus. III. A digression concerning the defence of hard passages. Of things following the battaile of Granick. IIII. Of the vnwarlike Armie leuied by DARIVS against ALEXANDER. The courses which DARIVS tooke in this expedition. He is vanquished at Issus; where his Mother, Wife, and Children are made prisoners. Of some things following the battaile of Issus. V. How ALEXANDER and wanne the Citie of Tyre. VI. How DARIVS offered conditions of peace to ALEXANDER. ALEXANDER winnes Gaza; and deales graciously with the Iewes. VII. ALEXANDER winnes Aegypt: and makes a iournie to the Temple of HAMMON. VIII. How ALEXANDER marching DARIVS, was opposed very by the Enemie. IX. The new prouisions of DARIVS. Accidents foregoing the battaile of Arbela. X. The battaile of Arbela: and that it could not be so strongly fought as report hath made it. XI. Of things following the battaile of Arbela. The yeelding of Babylon and . XII. How ALEXANDER came to Persepolis, and burnt it. XIII. The Treason of BESSVS against DARIVS. DARIVS his death. XIIII. How ALEXANDER pursued BESSVS, and tooke into his grace DARIVS his Captaines. XV. Of THALESTRIS Queene of the Amazons; where, by way of digression it is shew|ed, that such Amazons haue beene, and are. XVI. How ALEXANDER fell into the Persians Luxurie: and how hee further pursued BESSVS. XVII. A Conspiracie against ALEXANDER. The death of PHILOTAS and PARMENIO. XVIII. How ALEXANDER subdued the Bactrians, Sogdians, and other people. How BESSVS was deliuered into his hands. How hee fought with the Scythians. XIX. How ALEXANDER slew his owne friends. XX. Of ALEXANDERS iourney into India. The battaile betweene him and PORVS. XXI. How ALEXANDER finished his expedition, and returned out of India. XXII. Of ALEXANDERS Riot, Crueltie, and death. XXIII. Of ALEXANDERS Person and qualities.

CHAP. III. The raigne of ARIDAEVS. I. Of the question about succession to ALEXANDER. II. The election of ARIDAEVS, with the troubles there-about arising; the first diuision of the Empire. III. The beginning of the Lamian Warre. IIII. How PERDICCAS emploied his Armie. V. The processe of the Lamian Warre. VI. Of the peace granted to Athens by ANTIPATER. Of DEMOSTHE|NES his death. VII. How CRAYERVS and ANTIPATER were drawne from their Aetolian Warres into Asia. The grounds of the first betweene the Lords. VIII. PERDICCAS his voyage into Aegypt, and his death. IX. Victories of EVMENES in the lower Asia. VI. That the naming of ABRAHAM first of the three brethren, Gen. 11. v. 26. doth proue that hee was the eldest: together with diuers reasons that ABRAHAM was not the eldest sonne of TERAH. X. Quarrels betweene the Queene, and PYTHON the Protector. PYTHON resignes his office, into which ANTIPA|TER is chosen. XI. ANTIGONVS Lieutenant of Asia, winnes a battaile of EVMENES, and besiegeth him in Nora: He vanquisheth other followers of PERDICCAS. XII. PTOLOMIE winnes Syria and Phoenicia. The death of ANTIPATER. XIII. Of POLYSPERCHON who succeeded vnto ANTIPATER in the Protector|ship. The insurrection of CASSANDER against him. XIIII. The vnworthie courses held by POLYSPERCHON, for the keeping downe of CASSANDER. XV. Of the great commotions raised in Athens by POLYSPERCHONS decree. The death of PHOCION. XVI. Of POLYSPERCHON his vaine expedition against CASSANDER. XVII. ANTIGONVS seekes to make himselfe an absolute Lord: and thereupon treates with EVMENES, aho disappointeth him. Phrygia and Lydia wonne by ANTIGONVS. XVIII. ANTIGONVS pursues EVMENES. EVMENES hauing authoritie from the Court, raiseth great Warre against ANTIGONVS in defence of the Royall house. XIX. How the Princes of Macedon stood affected mutually. OLYMPIAS takes ARIDEVS and EVRYDICE, whom shee cruelly puts to death. XX. How CASSANDER was reuenged vpon OLYMPIAS. † I. The great expedition of CASSANDER. OLYMPIAS shuts her selfe in|to Pydna, where CASSANDER besiegeth her. AEACIDES King of Epirus, comming to succour OLYMPIAS, is for|saken, and banished by his owne Subiects. II. A continuation of OLYMPIAS her . defeated. Extreme famine in Pydna. OLYMPIAS yeeldes to CASSANDER. III. The death of OLYMPIAS, and her condition. IIII. CASSANDER celebrates the funerall of ARIDEVS and; and seekes to make himselfe King of Macedon.

CHAP. IIII. Of the great Lordship which ANTIGONVS got in Asia. I. The iourney of EVMENES into Persia. His wise dealing with those that ioyned with him. II. How ANTIGONVS, comming to set vpon EVMENES, was driuen off with losse. III. Of EVMENES his cunning. A battaile betweene him and ANTIGONVS. IIII. Of diuers stratagems practised by ANTIGONVS, and EVMENES, one against the other. V. The conspiracie of PEVCESTES and others, against EV|MENES his life. VI. The last battaile betweene ANTIGONVS and EVMENES. VII. How EVMENES was betrayed to ANTIGONVS, and slaine. VIII. How slew PITHON, and occupied MEDIA. How he remoued Gouernours of Prouinces, and made himselfe Lord of Persia, carrying away PEVCESTES. IX. How SELEVCVS was chased out of Babylon, by ANTIGONVS. The great riches of ANTIGONVS.

CHAP. V. Of the great ciuill Warre betweene ALEXANDERS Captaines: and how they assumed the name and state of Kings. I. The combination of PTOLOMIE, CASSANDER, and others, against ANTI|GONVS. Their demands, and his . II. The preparations and beginnings of the Warres. III. How each partie sought to winne the assistance of Greece. ANTIGONVS his declaration against CASSANDER. ALEXANDER the sonne of POLISPERCHON re|uolteth from ANTIGONVS, who had set him vp. IIII. The Aetolians rise against CASSANDER in fauour of ANTIGONVS, and are beaten. A fleet and land-armie of ANTIGONVS, vtterly defeated by PTOLOMIES Lieutenant. In what termes the warre stood at this time. ANTIGONVS drawes neerer to . V. How LYSIMACHVS and CASSANDER vanquished some enemies, raised against them by ANTIGONVS. The good successe of ANTIGONVS in Asia and Greece: with the rebellion of many Cities against CASSANDER. VI. Victories of PTOLOMIE by Sea. A great battaile at Gaza, which PTOLOMIE and SELEVCVS wanne, against DEME|TRIVS the Sonne of ANTICONVS. VII. How SELEVCVS recouered Babylon, and made himselfe Lord of many Countries in the highest Asia. The AERA of the Kingdome of the Greekes, which beganne with the Dominion of SELEVCVS. VIII. How PTOLOMIE lost all that he had wonne in Syria. What the causes were of the quiet obedience, performed vnto the Macedonians, by those that had beene subiect vnto the Persian Empire. Of diuers pettie enterprizes, taken in hand by ANTIGONVS and DEMETRIVS, with ill successe. IX. A generall peace made and broken. How all the house of ALEXANDER was destroyed. X. How DEMETRIVS, the sonne of ANTIGONVS, gaue libertie to Athens, the Garrisons of CASSANDER out of those parts. The im|moderate honors decrced by the to and DEMETRIVS. XI. The great victorie of DEMETRIVS against PTOLOMIE in Cyprus. How AN|TIGONVS and DEMETRIVS tooke vpon them the stile of Kings; wherein others followed their example.

CHAP. VI. Of the warres betweene the Kings of Aegypt, Asia, Ma|cedon, I , and others: vntill all ALEXAN|DERS Princes were consumed. I. The Expedition of ANTIGONVS against Aegypt, with ill successe. II. How the Citie of Rhodes was besieged by DEMETRIVS. III. How DEMETRIVS preuailed in Greece. CASSANDER desires peace of ANTIGONVS, and cannot obtaine it. Great preparations of warre against . IIII. How ANTIGONVS was slaine in a great battaile at Ipsus, neere vnto Ephesus; wherein his whole estate was lost. V. How DEMETRIVS forsaken by the Athenians after his ouerthrow, was reconciled to SELEVCVS and PTOLOMIE, beginning a new fortune, and shortly entring into new quarrells. VI. How DEMETRIVS wanne the Citie of Athens, and preuailed in Greece, but lost in Asia. Of troubles in Macedon following the death of CASSANDER. VII. PYRRHVS and his doings in Macedon. The death of CASSANDERS children. DEMETRIVS gets the Kingdome of Macedon; preuailes in against the Greeks; Looseth reputation in his warre against PYRRHVS, and in his Gouerne|ment, and prepares to win Asia. How all conspire against DEMETRIVS. PYRRHVS and LYSIMACHVS inuade him, his Armie yeelds to PYRRHVS, who shares the Kingdome of Macedon with LYSIMACHVS. VIII. How DEMETRIVS gathering , enterprised many things with ill successe, in Greece and Asia. How he was driuen vpon SELEVCVS, and compelled to yeeld himselfe. His imprisonment and death. IX. The death of PTOLOMIE, of LYSIMACHVS, and of SELEVCVS, that was last of ALEXANDERS Captaines: with other occurrences.

CHAP. VII. The growth of Rome: and setling of the Easterne Kingdomes. I. How the Romans enlarged their Dominion in Italie, from the death of TVLLVS HOSTILIVS, vnto such time as they were by PYRRHVS. II. How PYRRHVS warred vpon the Romans, and vanquished them in two battailes. III. The great troubles in Macedon and Sicill. How PYRRHVS, being inuited into Sicill, for sooke Italie; wanne the most of the Isle; and lost it in short space. PYRRHVS returnes into Italy; where he is beaten by the Romans, and so goes backe to his owne Kingdome. IIII. How ANTIGONVS, the sonne of DEMETRIVS, deliuered Macedon from the Gaules. How PYRRHVS wonne the Kingdome of Macedon from ANTIGONVS. V. How PYRRHVS assailed Sparta without successe. His enterprise vpon Argos, and his death. THE FIRST PART OF THE HISTORIE OF THE WORLD: INTREATING OF THE TIMES FROM the setled rule of ALEXANDERS Successors in the East, vntill the ROMANS, preuailingouer all, made Conquest of ASIA and MACEDON.

THE FIFT BOOKE.

CHAP. I. Of the first Punicke Warre. I. A discussion of that probleme of LIVIE; Whether the Romans could haue resisted the great ALEXANDER. That neither the Macedonian nor the Roman Souldier, was of equall valour to the English. II. The estate of Carthage, before it entred into warre with Rome. III. The beginning of the fist Punick warre. That it was vndertaken by the Romans. IIII. Of the Iland of Sicil. I. The qualitie of the Iland: and the first Inhabitants thereof. II. The plantation of the Greeks in Sicil. II. Of the gouernement and affaires of Sicil, before DIONYSIVS his Tyrannie. IIII. Of DIONYSIVS the Tyrant: and others, following him, in Syracuse. V. Arecontinuation of the Roman warre in Sicil. How HIERON, King of Syracuse, for sooke the Carthaginians; and made his peace with Rome. VI. How the Romans besiege and winne Agrigentum. Their beginning to maintaine a fleet. Their first losse, and first victorie by Sea. Of Sea|fight in generall. VII. Diuers enterfeats of warre, betweene the Romans and Carthaginians, with va|riable successe. The Romans prepare to inuade Africk: and obtaine a great victorie at Sea. VIII. The Romans preuaile in Africk. ATILIVS the Consullpropoundeth into|lerable conditions of peace to the Carthaginians. He is vtterly beaten, and made prisoner. IX. How the affaires of Carthage prospered after the victorie against ATILIVS: How the Romans hauing lost their fleet by tempest, resolue to forsake the Seas: The great aduantages of a good fleet in warre, betweene Nations diuided by the Sea. X. How the Romans attempt againe to get the mastrie of the Seas. The victorie of CEA|CILIVS the Roman Consull at Panormus: The siege of Lilybaeum. How a Rhodian Gallie entred Lilybaeum at pleasure, in despight of the Roman fleet. That it is a matter of great difficultie to stop the passage of good ships. The Romans, by reason of grieuous losses receiued, vnder CLAVDIVS and IVNIVS their Consulls, abandon the Seas againe. XI. The Citie of Eryx is surprized by the Romans, and recouered by AMILCAR; Who stoutly holds warre with them fiue yeeres. The Romans hauing emptied their common treasurie, build a new fleet, at the charges of priuate men. The great victorie at Sea of LVCTATIVS the Consull; whereby the Carthaginians are forced to craue peace. The conditions of the peace betweene Rome and Carthage.

CHAP. II. Of diuers actions passing betweene the first and second Punick Warres. I. Of the cruell warre begunne betweene the Carthaginians and their owne . II. Diuers obseruations vpon this warre with the mercinaries. I. Of Tyrannie, and how tyrants are driuen to vse helpe of mercinaries. II. That the tyrannie of a Citie ouer her Subiects is worse, than the tyrannie of one man: and that a tyrannicall Citie must likewise vse mercinary Souldiers. III. The dangers growing from the vse of mercinarie Souldiers, and forraigne Auxiliaries. IIII. That the moderate gouernment of the Romans gaue them assurance to vse the seruice of their owne subiects in their warres. That in mans nature there is an affection breeding tyrannie, which hindreth the vse and benefit of the like moderation. III. How the warre against the Mercinarie was diuerslie mannaged by HANNO and AMILCAR, with variable successe. The bloudy counsailes of the Mercinaries; and their finall destruction. IIII. How the Mercenaries of the Carthaginians, that were in Sardinia, rebelled: and were afterwards driuen by the Ilanders. The faithlesse dealing of the Romans with the Carthaginians, in taking from them Sardinia, contrarie to the peace. V. How the affaires of Carthage went betweene the African Rebellion, and the second Punicke Warre. VI. The estate of Greece from the death of , to the raigne of PHILIP the sonne of in Macedon. VII. How the Illyrians infested the coast of Grecce; and how they were sub|dued by the Romans. VIII. Of the warre betweene the Romans and Gaules, somewhat before the comming of HANNIBAL into Italie.

CHAP. III. Of the second Punick Warre. I. The warres of HANNIBAL in Spaine. Quarrels between the Romans and Carthaginians. HANNIBAL besiegeth and taketh Saguntum, whilest the Romans are busied with the Illyrians. Warre proclaimed betweene Rome and Carthage. II. HANNIBAL takes order for the defence of Spaine and Africke. His iournie into Italie. III. How the Romans in vaine sollicited the Spaniards and Gaules to take their part. The rebellion of the Cisalpine Gaules against the Romans. IIII. SCIPIO the Roman Consul ouer-come by HANNIBAL at Ticinum. Both of the Roman Consuls beaten by HANNIBAL, in a great battaile at Trebia. V. The departure of HANNIBAL from the Cisalpine Gaules into Hetruria. FLAMINIVS the Roman Consul slaine; and his Armie destroyed by the Carthaginians, at the Lake of Thrasymen. VI. How QFABIVS the Roman Dictator, sought to consume the force of HANNIBAL, by lingring warre. MINVTIVS, the Master of the Horse, honoured and aduanced by the People, for bold and successefull attempting, aduentures rashly vp|on HANNIBAL; and is like to perish with his Armie, but rescued by FABIVS. VII. The Roman people, desirous to finish the warre quickly, choose a rash and vnworthie Consul. Great forces leuied against HANNIBAL. HANNIBAL ta|keth the Romans prouisions in the Castle of Cannae. The new Consuls set forth against HANNIBAL. VIII. Dissension betweene the two Roman Consuls. Whether it be likely, that HANNIBAL was vpon point of flying out of Italie, when the Romans pressed him to fight. The great battaile of Cannae. IX. Of things following the battaile at Cannae. X. Of the great supply that was decreed at Carthage to be sent to HANNIBAL in Italie. How by the malice of HANNO, and sloth or parsimonie of the Carthaginians, the supply was too long deferred. That the riches of the Carthaginians grew faster, than of the Romans. Of FABIVS and other old Roman Historians, how partiall they were in their writings. XI. Strange reports of the Roman victories in Spaine, before ASDRVBAL the sonne of AMILCAR followed thence his brother HANNIBAL into Italie. XII. The great troubles that HANNIBAL raised in all quarters, to the Cittie of Rome. POSTHVMIVS the Roman Generall, with his whole Armie, is slaine by the Gaules. PHILIP King of Macedon, enters into a League with HANNIBAL, against the Romans. The Romans ioyning with the Aetolians, make warre vpon PHILIP in Greece: and afterwards conclude a peace with him; the better to intend their businesse against the Carthaginians. XIII. How the Romans beganne to recouer their strength by degrees. The noble affe|ction of the Romans, in relecuing the publike necessities of their Common-weale. XIIII. The Romans win some Townes back from HANNIBAL. HANNIBAL winnes Tarentum. The siege of Capua. Two victories of HANNIBAL. The tournie of HANNIBAL to the gates of Rome. Capua taken by the Romans. XV. How the Carthaginians, making a partie in Sardinia and Sicil, held against the Romans in those Ilands; and were ouer-. XVI. How the warre passed betweene the Romans and HANNIBAL in Italie, from the taking of Capua to the great victorie at Metaur us. XVII. How P. CORNELIVS SCIPIO the Roman, made entire conquest of Spaine. I. How the Carthaginians were driuen by SCIPIO from the Continent into the Isle of Gades. II. Funerall games held by SCIPIO. A Duell between two Spanish Princes. A digression, concerning Duells. III. The last Acts of SCIPIO in Spaine. His returne to Rome where he is chosen Consul. XVIII. SCIPIO obtaines leaue to make warre in Africk. His preparations. Of MA|SANISSA who ioyned with SCIPIO. The victories against ASDRVBAL and SYPHAX. XIX. The Carthaginians desire Truce: and breake it. XX. In what sort HANNIBAL spent the time after the battaile of Metaurus. The doings of MAGO in Italie. HANNIBAL and MAGO called out of Italie. How the Romans were diuersly affected by HANNI|BALS departure. XXI. HANNIBAL in Africk prepares to fight with SCIPIO; treates with him about peace in vaine; looseth a battaile at Nadagara, and perswades the Car|thaginians to sue for peace. Of the peace gran|ted from Rome to Carthage.

CHAP. IIII. Of PHILIP the father of PERSEVS, King of Ma|cedon; His first Acts and warre with the Romans, by whom he was subdued. I. How the Romans grew acquainted in the East Countries, and desirous of warre there. The beginning of many Princes, with great warres, at one time. The Aetolians ouerrun Pelopon|nesus. PHILIP and his Associates make war against the Aetolians. Alteration of the State in Sparta. The Aetolians inuade Greece and Macedon, and are inuaded at home by PHILIP. II. How PHILIP was misseaduised by ill Counsailors: Who afterwards wrought treason against him, and were iustly punished. Hee inuadeth the Aeto|lians a second time: And forceth them to sue for peace: Which is granted vn|to them. III. PHILIP, at the perswasion of DEMETRIVS PHARIVS, enters into League with HANNIBAL, against the Romans. The Tenour of the League betweene HANNIBAL and PHILIP. THE OATH AND COVENANTS BETWEENE HANNIBAL, GENERALL OF THE CARTHAGINIANS; and XENOPHANES, Embassador of PHILIP King of Macedon. IIII. How PHILIP yeelded to his naturall vices being therein soothed by DEMETRIVS PHARIVS. His desire to tyr annize vpon the free States his Associates: With the troubles, into which hee thereby fell, he bore a part in the second warre. He poisoneth ARATVS: and growes hatefull to the . V. Of PHILOPOEMEN Generall of the Achaeans: and MACHANIDAS, Tyrant of Lacedaemon. A battaile betweene them, where|in MACHANIDAS is slaine. VI. PHILIP hauing peace with Rome, and with all Greece, prepares against Asia. Of the Kings of Pergamus, Cappadocia, Pontus, Paphlagona, Bithynia; and their Linages. Of the Galatians. VII. The Towne of Cios taken by PHILIP, at the instance of PRVSIAS King of Bi|thynia, and cruelly destroyed. By this and like actions, PHILIP growes hatefull to many of the Greekes: and is warred vpon by ATTALVS King of Pergamus, and by the Rhodians. VIII. The Romans, after their Carthaginian warre, seeke matter of quarrell against PHILIP. The Athenians, vpon slight cause, proclaime warre against PHILIP; mouedthere|to by ATTALVS; whom they flatter. PHILIP winnes diuers Townes: and makes peremptorie answere to the Roman Embassa|dour. The resolution of the Abydeni. IX. The Romans decree warre against PHILIP, and send one of their Consuls into , as it were in defence of the Athenians their Confederats. How poore the Athenians were at this time, both in qualitie and estate. X. The Towne of Chalcis in Euboea, taken and sackt by the Romans and their Associates, that lay in Garison at Athens. PHILIP attempteth to take Athens by Surprise: wasteth the Countrey about: and makes a iourney into Peloponnesus. Of NABIS the Tyrant of Lacedaemon, and his wife. PHILIP offers to make Warre against for the Achaeans. He returneth home through Attica, which he spoyleth againe: and prouides against his Enemies. Some exploits of the Romans. Diuers Princes ioyne with them. Great labouring to draw the Aeto|lians into the warre. XI. The meeting of PHILIP with the Romans, and skirmishing with them on his bor|ders. The Aetolians inuade dominions, and are beaten home. Some doings of ATTALVS and the Roman Fleet. XII. VILLIVS the Roman Consul wastes a yeere to no effect. Warre of the Gaules in Italie. An Embassie of the Romans to Carthage, MASANISSA, and VER|MINA. The Macedonian prepares for defence of his : and T. QVINTIVS FLAMINIVS is sent against him. XIII. The Romans beginne to make warre by negotiation. T. QVINTIVS winnes a passage against PHILIP. Thessalie wasted by PHILIP, the Romans, and Aetolians. The Achaeans forsaking the Macedonian, take part with the Romans. A treatie of peace, that was vaine. PHILIP deliuers Argos to the Tyrant, who presently enters into League with the Romans. XIIII. The battcile at Cynoscephalae, wherein PHILIP was vanqui|shed by T. QVINTIVS. XV. T. QVINTIVS falleth out with the Aetolians; and grantes vnto PHILIP, with conditions, vpon which the peace is rati|fied. Libertie proclaimed vnto the Greeks. The quarrell with ANTIOCHVS.

CHAP. V. The Warres of the Romans with ANTIOCHVS the great, and his adherents. I. What Kings, of the races of SELEVCVS and PTOLEMIE, raigned in Asia and Aegypt before Antiochus the great. II. The beginning of the Great ANTIOCHVS his reigne. Of PTOLEMIE EVER|GETES, and PHILOPATOR, Kings of Aegypt. Warre betweene ANTIOCHVS and PHILOPATOR. The rebellion of MOLO: an Expedition of ANTIOCHVS a|gainst him. The recontinuance of ANTIOCHVS his Aegyptian warre: with the passages betweene the two Kings: the victory of PTOLEMIE, and Peace concluded. Of ACHAEVS, and his rebellion; his greatnesse, and his fall. ANTIOCHVS his Ex|pedition against the Parthians, Bactrians, and Indians. Somewhat of the Kings reigning in India, after the death of the Great ALEXANDER. III. The lewd Reigne of PTOLEMIE PHILOPATOR in Aegypt: with the tragicall ende of his fauourites, when hee was dead. ANTIOCHVS prepares to warre on the young child PTOLEMIE EPIPHANES, the sonne of PHILOPATOR. His irresolution in preparing for diuers warres at once. His Voyage toward the Hellespont. Hee seekes to hold amitie with the Romans, who make friendly shew to him; intending neuerthelesse to haue warre with him. His doings about the Hellespont; which the Romans make the first ground of their quarrell to him. IIII. The Romans hold friendly correspondence with ANTIOCHVS, during their warre with PHILIP: after which they quarrell with him. The doings of HANNIBAL at Car|thage: whence hee is chased by his enemies, and by the Romans: His flight vnto the King ANTIOCHVS. The Aetolians murmure against the Romans in Greece. The warre of the Romans and Achaeans, with NABIS the Tyrant of Lacedaemon. The departure of the Romans out of Greece. T. QVINTIVS his Triumph. Peace denied to ANTIO|CHVS by the Romans. V. Of the long Warres which the Romans had with the Gaules, Ligurians, and Spa|niards. Of M. PORCIVS CATO. Iniuries done by MASA|NISSA to the Carthaginians, that sue to the Romans for iustice in vaine. VI. The Aetolians labour to prouoke ANTIOCHVS, PHILIP, and NABIS, to warre vpon the Romans; by whom they hold themselues wronged and disgraced. NABIS besiegeth Gyttheum, and wasteth some part of Achaea. The exact skill of PHILOPOE|MEN, in aduantage of ground: whereby he vtterly vanquisheth NABIS. ANTI|OCHVS being denied Peace by the Romans, ioynes with the Aetolians. The Aetolians surprize DEMETRIAS; and by killing NABIS, their Confederate seize vpon Sparta. But they are driuen out by the Citizens: who at PHILOPOEMEN his perswasions annex themselues to the Achaeans. VII. ANTIOCHVS, perswaded by THOAS the Aetolian, comes ouer into Greece, ill at|tended. Sundrie passages betweene him, the Aetolians, Chalcidians and others. Hee winnes Chalcis, and thereby the whole Ile of Euboea. The vanitie of the Kings Embassadors and the Aetolians, with the Ciuil answere of TITVS to their discourse, before the Achaeans. That it concerned the Greekes to haue desired peace, betweene the Romans and ANTIOCHVS; as the best assurance of their owne libertie. Of many pettie Estates that fell to the King. Of AMINANDER; and an idle vanitie, by which King PHILIP was lost. HANNIBAL giues good counsaile in vaine. Some Townes wonne in Thessalie. The King retires to Chalcis; Where hee marrieth a young Wife, and reuels away the rest of Winter. Vpon the comming of the Roman Con|sul all forsake ANTIOCHVS. Hee with two thousand Aetolians keepes the Streights of Thermopylae. Hee is beaten, and flies into Asia: leauing all in Greece vnto the Victors. VIII. LVCIVS SCIPIO, hauing with him PVBLIVS the African his elder Brother, for his Lieutenant, is sent into Greece, He grants long Truce to the Aetolians, that so he might at leisure passe into Asia. Much trouble some businesse by Sea; and diuers fights. An inuasion vpon EVMENES his Kingdome; with the siege of Pergamus, raysed by an handfull of the Achaeans. L. SCIPIO the Consul comes into Asia: where ANTIOCHVS most earnestly desireth peace, and is denied it. The battaile of MAG|NESIA: wherein ANTIOCHVS being vanquished, yeeldeth to the Romans good plea|sure. The Conditions of the peace. In what sort the Romans vsed their Victorie. L. CORNELIVS SCIPIO, after a most sumptuous triumph ouer ANTIOCHVS, is surnamed The Asiatique, as his brother was stiled The African. IX. The Aetolians, and the Gallogreekes, vanquished by the Roman Consuls FVLVIVS and MANLIVS. MANLIVS hardly obtaines a Triumph: being charged (among other obiections) with attempting to haue passed the bounds appointed as fatall to the Romans by SIBYL. Of SIBYLS Prophectes; the Bookes of HER|MES; and that Inscription, SIMONI DEO SANCTO. The ingratitude of Rome to the two SCIPIOES: and that beginning and faction among the Roman Nobilitie.

CHAP. VI. The second Macedonian Warre. I. The Condition wherein those Princes and Estates remained, which were associates of the Romans, when the warre with ANTIOCHVS was finished. The Romans quarrell with PHILIP. They deale insolently with the Achaeans. The Macedonian, being vnrea|die for warre, obtaines peace at Rome, by his sonne DEMETRIVS; of whom thence|foorth hee becomes iealous. II. The death of PHILOPOEMEN, HANNIBAL, and SCIPIO. That the militarie profession is of all other the most vnhappie: notwithstanding some examples, which may seeme to prooue the contrarie. III. PHILIP making prouision for warre against the Romans, deales hardly with many of his owne subiects. His negotiation with the Bastarnae. His crueltie. He suspecteth his sonne DEMETRIVS. DEMETRIVS accused by his brother PER|SEVS; and shortly after slaine, by his fathers appointment. PHI|LIP repenteth him of his sonnes death; whom he findeth to haue beene innocent: and intending to reuenge it on PERSEVS, he dieth. IIII. How the Bastarnae fell vpon Dardania. The behauiour of PERSEVS in the beginning of his Reigne. Some warres of the Romans: and how they suffered MASANISSA, cruelly to oppresse the Carthaginians. They quarrell with PERSEVS. They allow not their Confederates to make warre without their leaue obtained. The Treason of CAL|LICRATES; whereby all Greece became more obnoxious to Rome, than in former times. Further quarrels to PERSEVS. Hee seekes friendship of the Achaeans, and is withstood by CALLICRATES. The Romans their intent of warring vpon him. V. How EVMENES King of Pergamus was busied with PHARNACES, the Rhodians and others. His hatred to the Macedonian: whom hee accuseth to the Roman . The Senate honours him greatly, and contemnes his enemies the Rhodians; with the causes thereof. The vnusuall stoutnesse of the Embassadours. PER|SEVS his attempt vpon EVMENES. The brotherly betweene EVMENES and ATTALVS. PERSEVS his deuice to poyson some of the Roman Senators: where|vpon they decree warre against him, and send him defiance. Other things, concerning the iustice of this warre. VI. The Romans sollicit the Greekes, to ioyne with them in the Warre against PERSEVS. How the Greekes stood affected in that Warre. The timorousnesse of PERSEVS. MAR|TIVS a Roman Embassadour deludes him with hope of Peace. His forces. Hee takes the field, and winnes part of Thessalie. The forces of LICINIVS the Roman Consul: and what assistants the Romanes had in this Warre. Of Tempe in Thessalie; and what aduantages the Macedonian had, or might haue had; but lost by his feare. PERSEVS braues the Romanes; fights with them; knowes not how to vse his victorie; sues for Peace; and is it by the vanquished. PERSEVS hauing the worse in a skirmish, for sakes all the Countrey lying without Tempe. The Boeotians rebell against the Romans, and are rigorously punished. The Roman Commanders vnfortunate in the warre against PERSEVS. They vexe the Greekes their friends; for whose ease the Senate makes prouision, hauing heard their complaints. The flattering Alabanders. VII. Q. MARTIVS the Roman Consul, with extreame difficultie and danger, enters into Tempe. The cowardize of PERSEVS in abandoning Tempe. The towne of quitted by MARTIVS; repaired and fortified by the King. The Romans attempt ma|ny places, with ill successe. Their affaires in estate. MARTIVS a cunning and a bad man. POLYBIVS sent Embassador to MARTIVS from the Achaeans. POLY|BIVS his honest wisdome beneficiall to the Achaeans. King EVMENES growes from the Romans. PERSEVS negotiates with ANTIOCHVS and EVMENES, His false dealing with GENTIVS King of Illyria; hee drawes into the Roman warre. He sends Embassadors to the Rhodians; who vainely take vpon them to be arbi|trators betweene him and the Romans. PERSEVS loseth a mightie succour of the Ba|starnae, by his wretched parsimonie. VIII. Of L. AEMYLIVS PAVLVS the Consul. His iourney. He forceth PERSEVS to discampe. He will not hazard battaile with anie disaduantage. Of an Eclypse of the Moone. AEMYLIVS his superstition. The of Pydna. PERSEVS his flight. He for sakes his Kingdome: which hastily yeelds to AEMYLIVS. PERSEVS at Samothrace. He yeelds himselfe to the Roman Admirall; and is sent prisoner to AEMYLIVS. IX. GENTIVS, King of the Illyrians, taken by the Romans. X. How the Romans behaued themselues in Greece and Macedon after their victory ouer PERSEVS. XI. The Warre of ANTIOCHVS vpon Aegypt, brought to end by the Roman Embassadours. XII. How the Romans were dreadfull to all Kings. Their demeanour towards EVMENES, PRVSIAS, MASANISSA, and COTYS. The end of PERSEVS and his children. The instabilitie of Kingly Estates. The Triumphs of PAVLVS, ANICIVS, and OCTAVIVS. With the Conclusion of the Worke. A CHRONOLOGICALL TABLE.

CONTENTS OF SECOND PART: THE FIRST BOOKE, INTREATING Of the times from the end of the MACEDONIAN KINGDOME, till the Reigne of NERVA the ROMAN EMPEROUR, containing 273. years. The Second Book OF THE SECOND PART, INTREATING Of the times from NERVA the ROMAN EMPEROR, till the Reign of CONSTANTINE alone, containing 233 Yeares. The third Book OF THE SECOND PART, INTREATING Of the times from CONSTANTINE the Great, till CHARLES the Great, containing 476 Yeares. The fourth Booke OF THE SECOND PART INTREATING Of the times from CHARLES the Great, till PHILIP the Emperour in the West, and the French Empire in the East, containing 400 Yeares. THE FIFTH BOOK OF THE SECOND PART: Intreating of the times from Philip Emperour in the West, and the French Empire in the East, till Wenceslaus the German Emperour, containing the History of THE SIXTH BOOK OF THE SECOND PART: Intreating of the Histories of the World, from the Year, 1400 to the Present time. A brief CHRONOLOGIE Of the Principall Passages since the end of the MACEDONIAN KINGDOME till these present Times, according to the years of CHRIST, before or after his Birth: Divided into Decads.

The creed explained; or, An exposition of Catholic doctrine : according to the creeds of faith and the constitutions and definitions of the church by Devine, Arthur, 1849-1919

CHAPTER I. Faith, its Definition and Division. 1. Faith, its various meanings. — 2. Its definition as a supernatural virtue. — 3. The virtue of faith resides in the intellect. — 4. It is the first of Supernatural virtues, but not the first grace. — 5. The division of faith. — 6. The difference between divine faith and divine-Catholic faith 1 — 4

CHAPTER II. The Object and Motive or Faith. 1. — The primary object of faith. — 2. The formal object of faith, or the motive of faith. — 3. The material object of faith. — 4. The Decree of the Vatican Council as to the object of faith. — 5. The Summary of the truths that are the object of divine-Catholic faith. — 6. Propositions and conclusions deduced from revealed truths. — 7. The rule by which we may know whether such conclusions belong to the object of faith or not 6 — 9

CHAPTER III. The Certitude and Obscurity of Faith. 1. The two-fold certitude of faith. — 2. God cannot reveal anything false — 3. What is false cannot be the object of faith. — 4. The subjective certitude of faith. — 5. The assent of faith more certain and firm than the assent of science. — 6. Obscurity of faith, its meaning. — 7. The object of faith essentially obscure. — 8. Two acts, one of faith, and one of science, may be elicited about the same truth, but one and the same act cannot be one of faith and of science. — 9. The acts of mental knowledge which precede faith. — 10. The obscurity of faith illustrated 10 — 18

CHAPTER IV. The Necessity of Faith for Salvation. 1. The necessity of means (necesritas medii) and the necessity of precept (necessitai pracepti) in the matter of salvation. — 2. Faith necessary as a means to salvation. — 3. The four dogmas necessary to be believed by explicit faith. — 4. The precept of faith negative and affirmative, and the obligations arising from it. — 5. The precept in regard to the external profession of faith. — 6. The application of the doctrine concerning the necessity of faith. 14 — 18

CHAPTER V. The Liberty of Faith. 1. The assent given to the truths of faith is voluntary and free. — 2. The freedom of faith illustrated, and shown from the object and obscurity of faith. — 3. No one can be forced to believe 19 — 21

CHAPTER VI. The Integrity of Faith. 1. What is meant by the integrity of faith. — 2. A former habit or inclination of heresy is not necessarily and all at once destroyed by the virtue of faith. — 3. Any act of formal heresy destroys entirely and immediately the virtue or habit of faith in the soul. — 4. A heretic cannot elicit an act of divine or supernatural faith in any revealed truth. — 5. A man who rejects or denies even one truth of faith, cannot elicit an act of true faith in any dogma whatever 22 — 25

CHAPTER VII. On Heresy. 1. Heresy here referred to as the principal sin against faith amongst Christians. — 2. What is meant by heresy. — 3. Heresy objectively taken, or an heretical proposition. — 4. Heresy subjectively taken or considered as a sin in the soul. — 5. Ignorance excuses from formal heresy 26-29

CHAPTER VIII. The Credibility of Faith, and the Motives of its Credibility. 1. The fact of revelation; and Catholic dogmas are evidently credible. — 2. The same amount of knowledge of the motives of credibility is not required in all. — 3. In order to accept revealed religion, the motives of credibility should be examined. — 4. Prophecy, its nature and object. — 5. The three conditions required for a true prophecy. — 6. Prophecy is possible. — 7. God alone is the Author of prophecy. — 8. The rules by which we may distinguish true from false prophecies. — 9. Prophecies are motives of the credibility of the Christian religion. — 10. Miracles, their nature and the conditions of a true miracle. — 11. The possibility of miracles. — 12. God alone is their efficient cause. — 13. The divinity of the Christian religion proved by miracles. — 14. Especially by the miracle of Christ's resurrection 30 — 40

CHAPTER IX. The Articles and Creeds of Faith. 1. What is meant by an Article of Faith. — 2. The conditions required for an Article of Faith as understood in the "Creeds." — 3. The reason why the truths of faith are divided into Articles. — 4. In what sense have the Articles of Faith increased? — 5. The "Creeds," the meaning of a Creed or Symbol of faith. — 6. The Apostles' Creed : why so called. — 7. The reason why the Apostles composed it. — 8. The division of the Creed : its twelve Articles. — 9. The Feasts of the Church, on which certain Articles of the Creed are commemorated. — 10. The obligations of Catholics in regard to the "Creed" 41 — 48

CHAPTER X. The Other Creeds of Faith. 1. The Nicene Greed — its history, and its additions to the Apostles' Greed. — 2. Its introduction into the Liturgy of the Mass, and why recited on certain days. — 3. The full text of the Nicene Greed. — 4. The Athanasian Greed — its object, its authorship, and its use in the Church. — 5. The full text of the Athanasian Greed. — 6. The Profession of Faith of Pope Pius IV. — 7. A Shorter Form of Profession of Faith 49 — 57

The Apostles' Creed. ARTICLE I SECTION 1. (ARTICLE I.) The Name of God and His Nature of Essence. 1. The Name of God. — 2. The Nature of God. — 3. Three revelations regarding the nature of God. — 4. Errors condemned by the Vatican Council in regard to the existence and nature of God 59 — 63

SECTION 2. (ARTICLE I.) The Existence of God. 1. Human knowledge can come with certainty to the knowledge of the existence of God. — 2. The proofs of the existence of God are a posteriori arguments, that is, from the effects to the cause. — 3. The first argument may be taken from the fact that things exist. — 4. The second argument is from motion : existing things move. — 5. The third is taken from Life. — 6. The fourth from the order which we observe in the Universe. — 7. Three arguments in favour of the existence of God taken from the spiritual order, namely, intelligence, heart and will. — 8. No one can be invincibly ignorant of the existence of God. — 9. The propositions containing the doctrine of faith in regard to the existence of God 64 — 69

SECTION 3. (ARTICLE I.) The Perfections and Attributes of God. 1. The common notion of the Deity, and the particulars in which it consists. — 2. The perfections of God, and what is meant by them. — 3. Three sorts of perfections. — 4. The difference between perfections as applied to creatures and to God, and the manner in which all perfections of creatures are contained in God. — 5. The first of the divine perfections, namely, Ateitas or self-existing. — 6. The Attributes of God, and how are they distinguished? — 7. The unity of God, and why God is one. — 8. The simplicity of God, and the sense in which God is said to be simple. — 9. Errors opposed to the simplicity of God. 70 — 74

SECTION 4. (ARTICLE I.) Intelligence, Love and Life in God, and other Absolute Attributes. 1. The Intelligence, Love and Life in God. — 2. The Divine intellect, and the extent of the knowledge of God. — 3; What is meant by Love as attributed to God, and what is its object? — 4. God does not love all things equally; and His love for intelligent beings is different from that which He has for His other creatures. — 5. Life as attributed to God, and the sense in which God is Life. — 6. What is meant by immutability? — 7. God is immutable. — 8. The special difficulty in regard to the immutability arising from the work of God, viz., Creation. — 9. God is eternal. — 10. The idea which we form of eternity, and how it is distinguished from aevum and tempus. — 11. What is meant by immensity, and how distinguished from Omnipresence. — 12. God is immense and everywhere present; and in a special manner present : (a) in the souls of the just; (b) in the humanity of Christ; (c) in His temples and Churches; (d) in the assemblies of the faithful; (e) the three Divine Persons present to each other by circuminsession 75 — 82

SECTION 5. (ARTICLE I.) The Relative Attributes or God. 1. The relative Attributes of God — goodness, power and providence. — 2. The sense in which God is free to create or not to create. — 3. Goodness in its three-fold sense — natural, moral and relative. — 4. This three-fold goodness is in God in the highest degree. — 5. The answer to the difficulty : why it is that so many evils exist, God being infinitely good? — 6. The meaning of God's Omnipotence. — 7. The meaning of the word Almighty, and the extent of God's dominion over all His creatures. — 8. Why God is called Omnipotent, and the object of His Omnipotence. — 9. What is meant by the Providence of God? — 10. God disposes and governs all things by His Providence. — 11. The special Providence of God for rational beings, and the answer to the difficulty, why the just are afflicted, and the wicked prosper in this world? 88 — 89

SECTION 6. (ARTICLE I.) The Holy Trinity. 1. The dogma of the Holy Trinity as ex- pressed in the Athanasian Creed : what is meant by it? — 2. No clear idea can be formed of this Mystery, although we have some imperfect representations of it in creatures. — 3. The most accurate representation of the Blessed Trinity is to be found in our own soul. — 4. This Mystery is also ineffable; the example of St. Augustine. — 5. It is the principal Mystery, and the foundation of the Christian faith. — 6. We obtain the knowledge of this Mystery by revelation. — 7. Proofs of the Holy Trinity taken from the Old Testament. — 8. Proofs from the New Testament. — 9. Proofs from Tradition. — 10. This Mystery is not opposed to reason, but above it. — 11. The knowledge which the Jews had in the Old Dispensation of this Mystery, and the reasons of its obscurity then. — 12. The obligation of believing explicitly in the Holy Trinity in the New Law. — 13. The Holy Trinity as the basis of all revealed religion, and the centre of all devotion 90 — 97

SECTION 7. (ARTICLE I.) God the Father : The First Person of the Blessed Trinity. I. The three names proper to the First Person of the Holy Trinity : Father, Principium and Utibegottcn. — 2. The sense in which God is called our Father, and the sense in which He is called the Father of His only begotten Son. — 3. The difference between the Divine Sonship, and that arising from human generation 98 -100

SECTION 8. (ARTICLE I.) The Creation of the World. 1. God considered in His external works, that is, in the works of His creation. — 2. Three questions in regard to the origin of the world. — 3. Pantheism, its meaning, its most celebrated advocate. — 4. The world is not and cannot be God, — 5. Spinosa's definition of substance, and the sense in which it is false. — 6. The opinion that the world was made by chance, or by a necessity of nature and its advocates. — 7. The reasons why the world could not come into existence by chance, or the fortuitous combination of atoms. — 8. The world is not the result of necessity. — 9. The true doctrine of the origin of the world. — 10. The world was not made from matter, eternal and unproduced. — 11. God made the world out of nothing by creation. — 12. The time of the world's creation : (a) the world is not from eternity, but created in time, (b) the question of the possibility of eternal creation. — 13. The question as to the age of the world and the age of the human race. — 14. Three opinions as to the age of the world 101 - 111

ARTICLE II. 112 SECTION 1. (ARTICLE II.) Christ's Name and Sonship. 1. The additions made in this Second Article in the Nicene Creed. — 2. Jesus is Our Lord's name, Christ is Our Lord's title. — 3. The three great offices to which men were anointed : Prophet, Priest and King. 4. Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God. — 5. The Divine Processions, their nature and division. — 6. The Procession of the Son is called generation, and not the Procession of the Holy Ghost. — 7. What is meant by generation; and why is the Procession of the Son called generation, and not the Procession of the Holy Ghost. — 8. His eternal Sonship 112 -118

SECTION 2. (ARTICLE II.) The Divinity of Christ. 1. The meaning of the word consubstantial. — 2. The Son the Second Person is consubstantial with the Father. — 3. Scriptural proofs of the Divinity of Christ : (a) To Him divine powers and rights are attributed. (b) To Him divine honours are to be given, (c) Christ affirmed His Divinity by His words, (d) The disciples and Jews understood the words of Christ as asserting His Divinity. 4. The Divinity of the Word [] as proved from the first portion of the Gospel of St. John 119 - 124

ARTICLE III 125 SECTION 1. (ARTICLE III.) The Incarnation. 1. The meaning of the Incarnation. — 2. Jesus Christ is truly God. — 3. Christ is really and truly man. — 4. Christ has a true human body. — 5. Christ, the Word of God, took to Himself a true human soul. — 6. The Personal or Hypostatic union of the two natures in Christ, and in Christ there are these two natures, Divine and human. — 7. There is only one Person in Christ; to wit, the Person of the Son of God. — 8. Nestorius, his heresy, and its condemnation. — 9. Eutyches, his heresy, and its condemnation. — 10. The doctrine of one Person and two natures in Christ as expressed in the Creed of St. Athanasius. — 11. The Communieatio Idiomatum : its meaning. — 12. It is denned as a dogma of faith that the blessed Virgin is the Mother of God. — 13. The rules to be observed in speaking of Christ according to the Communieatio Idiomatum 125 — 133 SECTION 2. (ARTICLE III.) The Conception of Christ of the Manner or His Incarnation. 1. — The Gospel narrative of the Conception or Incarnation of Christ. — 2. An Angel announces the Mystery. — 3. The doctrine of Mary's Virginity revealed; or proved from the definition of the Church and the explicit testimony of Holy Scripture, and from congruous or becoming reasons. — 4. The detestable heresy of Helvidius and the reasons of its condemnation. — 5. Three objections against the perpetual virginity of the Blessed Virgin answered. — 6. Mary's question, and the answer given by the Angel : "The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee" &c. — 7. The threefold work which was accomplished in one and the same instant, in the Mystery of the Incarnation. — 8. The action of Mary and of the Holy Ghost in the accomplishment of this Mystery. — 9. At the instant the Blessed Virgin gave her consent in the words, "Behold the handmaid of the Lord," &c.; the word became flesh and dwelt among us. — 10. The Blessed Virgin, in the Conception of Christ, received a new and singular perfection of sanctity 134 — 142

SECTION 3. (ARTICLE III.) Christ Born of the Virgin Mary. 1. The signification of the name Mary : and its application to the Blessed Virgin. — 2. Mary's condition and the special title by which she is known. — 3. The Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin : its definition and meaning. — 4. The Dogma of the Immaculate Conception proved from Scripture, by tradition, and by reason. — 5. Mary's Maternity, or Mary's function in regard to the Conception and the Birth of Christ. — 6. The divine Maternity considered physically. — 7. The divine Maternity morally considered. — 8. Mary intercedes for us in heaven; and the difference between her mediation and that of her Divine Son. — 9. The sense in which she may be said to cooperate with Christ in the work of Redemption. — 10. The title of Queen of heaven as applied to Mary. — 11. The sense in which devotion to the Mother of God may be said to be a sign of salvation. — 12. The special question in regard to those who wear the Scapular of the Blessed Virgin explained. 143 — 152

ARTICLE IV 159 SECTION 1. (ARTICLE IV.) Suffered Under Pontius Pilate. 1. The reason for the transition in the Creed from the Birth of Christ to His sufferings. 2. Pontius Pilate : the reason why his name is recorded in the Creed. — 3. The promised Messiah was to suffer. — 4. The sufferings of Christ were agreed upon by Him and the Father : they were revealed to the Prophets and delivered to the Church. — 5. The reason why the Messiah came in a state of suffering. — 6. All the sufferings agreed upon, revealed to the Prophets, and delivered to the Church, were endured by Jesus of Nazareth. — 7. The sufferings of Christ considered in His Person. — 8. What Christ suffered for us in His human nature, (a) in His body, (b) in His soul. — 9. The occasion and intensity of His sufferings. — 10. Lessons to be learned from this Article 159 — 167

SECTION 2 (ARTICLE IV.) The Passion of Christ. 1. The types of Christ crucified. — 2. The Crucifixion foretold by the Prophets. — 3. The chief sufferings of Christ. — 4. The Agony and Sweat of Blood. — 5. The Betrayal, which includes (a) the traitor's kiss; (b) the arrest; (c) Malchus. — 6. The Jewish or Ecclesiastical trial of Jesus. — 7. Jesus before Annas. — 8. The first trial before Caiphas. — 9. St. Peter's denial. — 10. The derision of Jesus. — 11. The third Jewish trial, or the second trial before Caiphas. — 12. The remorse and despair of Judas 168 — 177

SECTION 3. (ARTICLE IV.) The Passion of Christ. — Continued. 1. The first trial of Jesus before Pilate. — 2. The trial before Herod. — 3. The second trial of Christ before Pilate. — 4. Barabbas. — 5. The message of Pilate's wife. — 6. The choice of the people between Jesus and Barabbas. — 7. The scourging. — 8. The crowning with thorns : (a) the scarlet cloak, (b) the crown of thorns, (c) the reed. — 9. The Ecce Homo. — 10. Jesus is sentenced to death 178-186

SECTION 4. (ARTICLE IV.) The Crucifixion and Death of Christ. 1. The carrying of the Cross — (a) the Cross itself; (b) Simon of Cyrene; (c) the veil of Veronica; (d) the women of Jerusalem. — 2. Calvary. — 3. The Vinegar and Gall. — 4. The fastening Him to the Cross. — 5. The title on the Cross. — 6. The parting of His garments and the seamless garment. — 7. Christ is mocked on the Cross. — 8. The last words of Christ from the Cross. — 9. The friends of Jesus who stood round the Cross. — 10. The darkness. — 11. The words Eli, Eli, lama Sabacthani : My God, my God, why hast Thou forsaken Me. — 12. The fifth word, I thirst. — 13. The sixth word, Consummatum est : It is finished. — 14. Christ dies 187 - 196

SECTION 5. (ARTICLE IV.) What Happened at the Death of Christ : His Burial. 1. The veil of the Temple. — 2. The earthquake. — 3. The Centurion. — 4. The taking down from the Cross; (a) the creaking of the legs of the two robbers; (b) the opened side, and the blood and water. — 5. The question as to the physical cause of the death of Christ. — 6. St. John's final testimony to Christ. — 7. Joseph of Aramathea and Nioodemus. — 8. The Body of Jesus is taken down from the Cross. — 9. The Burial of Christ. — 10. The lessons inculcated by our belief in Christ's Burial. 187 — 196

ARTICLE V SECTION 1. (ARTICLE V.) 1. When the "Descent of Christ into hell" was introduced into the Creed. — 2. The meaning of this part of the Article. — 3. The meaning of the words — Hell, Gehenna, Hades, and Paradise, in the Jewish sense. — 4. The purpose of Christ's descent into Limbo. — 5. Dr. Lingard's notes on the descent of Christ into Limbo. — 6. The Resurrection of Christ on Easter Sunday; why called Easter. — 7. The meaning of a Resurrection. — 8. Christ truly and properly rose from the dead. — 9. The Resurrection of Christ attested; (a) By his various apparitions; (b) By His enemies; (c) By Angels. — 10. What Christ effected by His Resurrection. — 11. The Resurrection, the greatest of Christ's miracles 204 - 211

SECTION 2. ARTICLE V.) The History of the Resurrection. 1. The time of the Resurrection. — 2. The conduct of the guards. — 3. The earthquake, and the apparition of Angels, and apparent discrepancies accounted for. — 4. Mary Magdalene and two other holy women come to the tomb. — 5. The two Apostles, Peter and John, run to the tomb. — 6. The apparition to Mary Magdalene. — 7. Explanation of the words Touch me not. — 8. The other holy women go to the tomb and find not Jesus, but two Angels appear to them. — 9. His apparition to the holy women. — 10. The soldiers are bribed. — 11. Other apparitions of Christ : (a) To Peter; (b) to the disciples going to Emmaus; (c) to the Apostles assembled together, Thomas being absent; (d) to the Apostles eight days after, Thomas being present; (e) to the seven on the sea of Tiberias; (f) the apparitions mentioned by St. Paul to as many as 500 assembled together. — 12. The Apostles could not have been deceived as to the fact of the Resurrection. — 13. The qualities of the resuscitated Body of Christ. — 14. The Wounds of His Passion retained in His glorified Body. — 15. The effects of Christ's Resurrection 212 — 221

ARTICLE VI. 1. The Ascension forty days after the Resurrection. — 2. The term of forty days a remarkable scriptural period, and Christ's work during that period. — 3. The Ascension represented in figures and foretold by the Prophets. — 4. The circumstances of the Ascension as to time, place, and persons present. — 5. His last blessing. — The apparition of Angels and their words. — 7. Those who accompanied Christ in His Ascension. — 8. What is meant by Heaven. — 9. The reasons of Christ's Ascension. — 10. The second part of the Article : sitteth at the right hand of God the Father Almighty, explained 222 - 227

ARTICLE VII. 1. Christ shall come again. — 2. The manner of His second coming. — 3. The purpose of His coming, and proofs of the future judgment. — 4. Those who are to be judged the Living and the Dead. — 5. Those things that are to fall under judgment. — 6. The final sentence and description of the last judgment. — 7. The execution of the sentence. — 8. The particular judgment at the death of each one. — 9. Some of the signs that are to precede the General Judgment : — (a) the falling off from the faith. — (b) Satan let loose on the earth. — (c) The Anti-Christian empire. — (d) Antichrist. — (e) Enoch and Elias will return to earth. — (f) The Church will be victorious. — (g) The sign of the Son of Man will be seen in the heavens. — (h) Christ will be seen coming in the clouds 228 - 236

ARTICLE VIII. 237 SECTION 1. (ARTICLE VIII.) 1. When this mystery is commemorated. The meaning of the words Pentecost; Holy Ghost. — 2. The Holy Ghost is a Person and not a mere virtue or power of God. — 3. The objections of the Socinians to the Personality of the Holy Ghost answered. — 4. The Holy Ghost is God and Lord, that is, consubstantial with the Father and the Son. — 5. He is the Lifegiver. — 6. The Procession of the Holy Ghost : proofs of the Procession of the Holy Ghost from the Father and the Son. — 7. The addition of the bilioque to the Nicene Creed. — 8. The reason why He is called the third Person 237 - 243

SECTION 2. (ARTICLE VIII.) The Coming of the Holy Ghost and His Office. 1. The Office attributed to the Holy Ghost by the words : Who spoke by the Prophet. — 2. Mission understood as applied to the Divine Persons. — 3. The Father or First Person cannot be said to be sent. — 4. The Son and the Holy Ghost are sent (a) By an invisible mission; (b) by a visible mission. — 5. Pentecost, [a) The injunction given to the Apostles; (b) the upper room where they awaited the coming of the Holy Ghost; (c) the names of the Apostles assembled there; (d) their manner of preparation; (e) the significance of the mention of the holy women and Mary the Mother of Jesus. — 6. The description of the descent of the Holy Ghost : (a) The sound from heaven; (b) the parted tongues as it were of fire; (c) those who received the gifts of the Holy Ghost; (d) divers tongues. — 7. Dr. Lingard's Notes on this Mystery. — 8. The Mission of the Holy Ghost in the Church. — 9. The Seven Gifts of the Holy Ghost. — 10. The twelve Fruits of the Holy Ghost. — 11. The gratiae gratis datae (or graces gratuitously given) of the Holy Ghost 244 — 255

ARTICLE IX 256 SECTION 1. (ARTICLE IX.) The Institution of Establishment of the Church. 1. The meaning of the word Church : and what is included in its general meaning. — 2. The Church militant defined. — 3. The institution of the Church and its first Apostles, with St. Peter at their head. — 4. The Church to last for all time. — 5. The Church teaching (docens) and the Church believing (credens or discern). — 6. Christ instituted or founded the Church. — 7. The Church compared to a human being with body and soul. — 8. The Church considered as to its soul. — Who are in the soul of the Church? — 9. The Church considered as to its body, and who are they that belong to the body of the Church. The question as to (a) Occult heretics; (b) infants and those not baptized; (c) Catechumens; (d) Apostates; (e) the children of heretics; (f) those excommunicated. — 10. The Church a necessary society. — 11. The meaning of the proposition : "Out of the Church there is no salvation," and its truth. — 12. The distinction between fundamental and non-fundamental Articles of Faith cannot be admitted in the Protestant sense 256 — 264

SECTION 2. (ARTICLE IX.) The Visibility of the Church and Her Perpetuity. 1. Visibility in itself, and as applied to a society in its material and formal sense. — 2. What we are to understand by the visibility of the Church. — 3. The visibility of the Church proved from Scripture. — 4. Protestant theories in regard to the visibility of the Church. — 5. The Church's perpetuity: its meaning and truth 265 — 268

SECTION 3. (ARTICLE IX.) The Notes or Marks of the True Church. 1. The meaning of a Note or Mark of the Church, and its conditions. — 2. The true Church of Christ must have some Notes or Marks. — 3. The four Notes of the Church — Unity, Sanctity, Catholicity, and Apostolicity, — 4. These four have the conditions required for a true Note of the Church — 5. Unity, a true Note of the Church, and the reasons why the Church must be one, and the sense in which she is one. — 6. Sanctity, a true Note of the Church, and the sense in which the Church is holy. — 7. Catholicity as a Note of the Church (a) as to place, (b) as to time, (c) as to doctrine. — 8. Apostolicity as a Note of the Church. — 9. These four Notes flow from the original constitution of the Church, and each has the characters of a true and distinctive sign. — 10. Positive and Negative Notes — their meaning. — 11. The manner in which the Notes of the Church are applied as negative and positive. — 12. Neither the preaching of the pure Word of God, or the administration of the Sacraments, can be called a Note of the Church 269 — 278

SECTION 4. (ARTICLE IX.) The Application of the Notes to the Catholic Church. 1. The Catholic Church is one; (a) in government; (b) in faith; (c) in worship. — 2. The Sanctity of the Catholic Church. The meaning of sanctity, its division, its degrees. — 3. The Catholic Church is holy (a) in her doctrine; (b) in the means of holiness which she possesses; (c) in the fruits of sanctity within her. — 4. Catholicity applied to the Church. The meaning of the word Roman Catholic, the signification of the word Catholic, and the various kinds of Catholicity. — 5. The sense in which the true Church is Catholic. — 6. The Apostolicity of the Catholic Church, (a) She has her origin and doctrine from the Apostles, (b) She has the succession of Pastors uninterrupted from their time. — 7. She has the succession (a) of Orders and (b) of Jurisdiction. — 8. Summary, (a) The Roman Catholic Church possesses the Note of Unity, (b) She possesses the Note of Sanctity, (c) Of Catholicity, and (d) of Apostolicity. — 9. False Churches wanting (a) in Unity; (b) in Sanctity; (c) in Catholicity, and (d) in Apostolicity 279 — 288

SECTION 5. (ARTICLE IX.) The Properties of the Church. 1. The other chief properties of the Church. — 2. The Indefectibility of the Church, and the sense in which she is indefectible. — 3. The errors of heretics in regard to the Indefectibility of the Church. — The Infallibility of the Church. — 5. The three propositions of faith in regard to the Infallibility of the Church. — 6. Proofs of the Church's Indefectibility and Infallibility. — 7. Further proofs of the Infallibility of the Church. — 8. The object of Infallibility and the dogmas to which it extends. — 9. The Subject of Infallibility 289 — 295

SECTION 6. (ARTICLE IX.) Dogmatic and Moral Facts. 1. The meaning of Dogmatic and Moral facts. — 2. An enumeration of the principal Dogmatic and Moral facts. — 3. The approbation and condemnation of books. — 4. The authority of the Church in declaring whether a doctrine contained in a book is true or false. — 5. The authority of the Church in the Canonization of Saints. — The meaning of Canonization and beatification, and the difference between them; the difference between public and private worship (cultus). — 6. The Church's infallibility in the Canonization of Saints proved. — 7. The authority of the Church in ruling or in her government. — 8. The meaning of the power of Order and Jurisdiction. — 9, The meaning of the Divine Hierarchy of the Church 296 — 304

CHAPTER 2. (ARTICLE IX) The Roman Pontiff. 1. The signification of the word Pope. — 2. Christ, the invisible Head of the Church, appointed a Vicar, or visible Head of the Church on earth. — 3. What is meant by the Primacy of honour and of jurisdiction. — 4. The Catholic doctrine regarding the Primacy of St. Peter and his successors. — 5. Scriptural proofs that Christ conferred the Primacy on St. Peter, (a) from St. John i. 42. (b) from St Matt. xvi. — the text explained, (c) from St. John xxii. 22. — 6. St. Peter exercised this power, and it was acknowledged by the other Apostles. — 7. Dr. Lingard's Note on the subject 305 — 311

SECTION 2. (ARTICLE IX.) The Primacy of the Roman Pontiff. 1. The Office was not personal to Peter, but was to pass to his successors. — 2. Christ wished the primacy to continue in His Church. — 3. The primacy conferred on St. Peter continues in the Roman Pontiff. — 4. The Roman Pontiff by divine right is the successor of St. Peter. — 5. An objection against the supremacy of the Roman Pontiff, and its answer 312 — 316

SECTION 3. (ARTICLE IX.) The Infallibility of the Roman Pontiff. 1. The Infallibility of the Pope is the consequence of his Primacy. — 2. The question as to whether the Roman Pontiff has passive Infallibility, that is whether his faith is infallible. — 3. The Infallibility of the Pope in teaching and as defined by the Church. — 4. When the Pope may be considered as speaking ex cathedra. — 5. The Decree of the Council of the Vatican on the Papal Infallibility. — 6. The Papal Infallibility proved from Scripture. — 7. The Papal Infallibility proved from tradition. — 8. No Pope has ever erred when speaking ex cathedra. — 9. Facts quote against the Papal Infallibility answered : — (a) the fall of Peter, (b) the fall of Liberius, (c) the case of Pope Honorios 317 — 324

SECTION 4. (ARTICLE IX.) The Papal Infallibility. — Continued. 1. The conditions required that a Papal definition be infallible. — 2. The assistance of the Holy Ghost, as distinguished from Inspiration or Revelation. — 3. The distinction between faith purely divine, and divine-Catholic faith. — 4. The Magisterium of the Church — special and ordinary. — 5. The objections of the heresiarch Dollinger against the Papal Infallibility answered. — 6. The four propositions of the Gallican convention held in 1682. — 7. Arguments from reason in favour of the Papal Infallibility 325 — 331

CHAPTER 3. (ARTICLE IX.) Bishops and General Councils. 1. The divine institution of Bishops. — 2. The meaning of a Council and the various kinds of Councils. — 3. The distinction between a General and an Ecumenical Council. — 4. The necessity and utility of Councils. — 4. Conditions required that a Council be Ecumenical (a) in its convocation. (b) In its celebration, (c) In its conclusion. — 5. The definitions of an Ecumenical Council are Infallible. — 6. The confirmation of decrees of an Ecumenical Council. — 7. The names and dates of the General and Ecumenical Councils of the Church. — 8. The authority of Councils 332 — 340

CHAPTER 4. (ARTICLE IX) The Exercise of the Legislative Authority of the Church, and Her Relations to Civil Society. 1. In what consists the authority of the Church? — 2. The object of this authority. — 3. The conditions required for its exercise. — 4. The independence of the Church. — 5. The rights of the Church : (a) To propagate her teaching, (b) To establish a hierarchy. (c) Free communication with the Sovereign Pontiff, (d) To train and educate her clergy, (e) To teach not only Theology but all the other Sciences. (f) To determine the conditions of marriage, (g) To possess both moveable and immoveable goods. — 6. The obligation of Society to be Christian. — 7. The duties of the State towards religion. — 8. The teaching of the indifference of the Civil power towards religion, or the separation of Church and State not to be admitted. — 9. Tolerance, as regards religion, properly understood. — 10. The most strenuous opponents of a Christian State are they to whom the alliance of the Civil power with the Church is intolerable. — 11. The Temporal power of the Pope, (a) Its origin, (b) Its lawfulness, (c) Its necessity. — 12. Summary of conclusions drawn from the teaching of the Church in regard to the temporal dominion and the temporal power of the Pope 311 — 357

CHAPTER 5. (ARTICLE IX.) The Communion of Saints. 1. What is meant by the Communion of Saints. — 2. The states of the Church militant, suffering, and triumphant. — 3. Who are they that are included in the Communion of Saints? — 4. Are sinners included in this Communion? — 5. Are those outside the Church to be included? — 6. The Communion of Saints extends to the souls in Purgatory, and to the Blessed in heaven. — 7. That in which this Communion consists — (a) Communion of the Saints with God and with the three Persons of the Blessed Trinity. (b) Communion between the Saints and Angels, (c) Communion with each other, (d) Communion of the Saints in heaven with the souls in Purgatory, and the faithful on earth, (e) Communion of the faithful on earth with the souls in Purgatory. (f) The Communion of the faithful on earth with each other. — 8. The external manifestations of spirits in this world. — These spirits that can and do appear. — 10. Rules by which true and good visions may be distinguished from those that are false or diabolical. — 11. Difference between the teaching of Ascetical Theology and Modern Spiritualism, in regard to communication with spirits and departed souls. — 12. Spiritualism a dangerous and unlawful practice. — 13. Exhortation of Bishop Milner on the subject of the invocation of Saints

CHAPTER 6. (ARTICLE IX.) Purgatory. 1. What is Purgatory? — 2. The doctrine of Purgatory as defined by the Council of Trent, and the proofs of the doctrine from Sacred Scripture. — 3. The doctrine of Purgatory proved from tradition, and the reasons for this doctrine. — 4. The Place of Purgatory. — 5. The pains of Purgatory. — 6. The duration of the sufferings of the souls in Purgatory. — 7. The state of the suffering souls. — 8. Prayers for the Dead. — 9. The tradition of the Church in regard to prayers for the Dead. — 10. Suffrages to be offered for the souls in Purgatory. — 11. The suffrages of the living can benefit the dead. — 12. The manner in which the souls in purgatory can help themselves and others by prayer. — 13. Motives for devotion to the souls in Purgatory 368 — 369

ARTICLE X. SECTION 1. (ARTICLE X.) The Forgiveness of Sins. 1. The forgiveness of sins — its meaning. — 2. Christ gave the power of forgiving sins to the Apostles and their successors : whose sins you shall forgive they are forgiven them, and whose sins you shall retain they are retained. — 3. The means of forgiveness, the Sacraments of Baptism and Penance. — 4. Bin — its definition and meaning. — 5. The guilt and stain of sin. — 6. The distinction of sins as to their species or kind, and as to their number. — 7. The division of sins according to their specific and numeric distinction. — 8. Sins are not all connected together, and they are not all equal. — 9. The causes of sin — internal and external 380 — 388

SECTION 2. (ARTICLE X.) Original Sin. 1. Original Sin — its meaning. — 2. The existence of original sin as defined by the Church. — 3. The manner in which original sin is transmitted. — 4. Those who contract original sin. The Blessed Virgin exempt from it. — 5. In what consists the essence of original sin. — 6. The effects of original sin in this life. — 7. The effects of original sin in the next life 389 — 394

SECTION 3. (ARTICLE X.) Actual Sin and the Deadly Vices, &c. 1. Actual sin — its definition and the conditions required for it. — 2. The division of sin into mortal and venial, and how they may be distinguished. — 3. The various ways in which sins may be regarded as mortal and as venial. — 4. What is meant by light and grave matter in regard to sin. — 5. Conditions that diminish the guilt of sin, and that aggravate its guilt. — 6. Seven circumstances that may cause a venial sin to be grievous. — 7. The Capital Sins or Deadly Vices : (a ) Pride, (b) Avarice, (c) Luxury, (d) Envy, (e) Gluttony, (f) Anger, (g) Sloth. — 8. The six sins against the Holy Ghost. — 9. The four sins that cry to heaven for vengeance. — 10. The different ways in which one may be answerable for the sins of another 395 — 400

ARTICLE XI. 1. What is meant by the Resurrection of the Body? — 2. The Resurrection of the Body proved from Scripture — (a) from the Old, (b) from the New, Testament. — 3. Pledges of the future Resurrection. — 4. The dogma of the Resurrection of the flesh demonstrated by reason. — 5. Objections of rationalists to the dogma, and their refutation. — 6. All men shall rise again. — 7. The Time of the Resurrection. — 8. The state or condition of men in the Resurrection. — 9. The age, size, and sex of resuscitated bodies. — 10. The four qualities or gifts of a glorified body; and the corresponding efects or penalties inflicted on the damned 401 — 409

ARTICLE XII 410 CHAPTER 1. (ARTICLE XII.) 1. The meaning of this Article. — 2. The difference of State between the just and the wicked in the future life. — 3. The meaning of the word hell. — 4. The doctrine of faith as to the existence of hell. — 5. The place of hell. — 6. The pains of hell : (a) the pain of loss, (b) the pains of the damned not equal, (c) the fire of hell, (d) the worms, the weeping and the gnashing of teeth. — 7. The eternity of the pains of hell. — 8. St. Thomas' reasons showing the equity of the duration of the torments of the damned. — 9. The sense in which those pains may be said to be infinite. — 10. The state of the lost souls as to intellect and will. — 11. Objections to the eternity of torments refuted. — 12. The punishment of children who die without Baptism in a state of original sin. 410 — 421

SECTION 2. (ARTICLE XII.) Heaven. 1. What is meant by heaven. — 2. The vision of God in heaven. — 3. No created intellect can naturally see God as He is Himself. — 4. A created intellect, aided supernaturally, can see God as He is in Himself. — 5. The light of Glory. — 6. The inequality of the Beatific Vision. — 7. The cause and the result of this inequality. — 8. Whether the Blessed comprehend God. — 9. The object of the Beatific Vision. — 10. The accidental Beatitude of heaven. — 11. The aureolae of glory. — 12. The vision, love and fruition of God by the Blessed. — 13. The inhabitants of heaven: (a) Human beings, (b ) Angels, (c) The Immaculate Mother of God, (d) Christ in His Sacred Humanity. — 14. The essential Beatitude of heaven. — 15. The eternity of heaven, and the everlasting life of the Blessed — 422 — 484

The Other Bible, edited by Willis Barnstone, 1984: A collection of ancient, esteric texts from Judeo-Christian traditions, excluded from the official canon of the Old and New Testaments

The book of the secrets of Enoch (2 Enoch) (Jewish pseudepigrapha). The creation of the world -- The book of jubilees (Jewish pseudepigrapha). The creation of the world; Adam, Eve, and Paradise -- Haggadah (Jewish legend from Midrash, pseudepigrapha, and early Kabbalah). The creation of the world -- Manichaean creation myths (Gnostic) (Manichaeism and other Gnostic sects). Primal man; Adam, child of demons, and his salvation; Concerning his impure doctrine (from Theodore bar Konai); Manichaean myth (from the Speech on Gehmurd and Murdiyanag) -- The secret book of John (Gnostic). Of Sophia, mother of the monstrous creator Ialdabaoth, Yahweh; The birth of Adam and Eve -- On the origin of the world (Gnostic). The creation of the world and the Demiurge Ialdabaoth; The raising of Adam from mud by Eve (Zoë-Life); The rape of Eve by the prime ruler (God) and by His angels -- The hypostasis of the Archons (Gnostic) -- The apocalypse of Adam (Gnostic). The revelations of Adam's origin as told to his son Seth -- The gospel of Philip (Gnostic) -- The paraphrase of Shem (Gnostic). The conflict of light and darkness -- The second treatise of the great Seth (Gnostic) -- Creation of the world and the alien man (Mandaean Gnosticism). The world beyond; The world of darkness; Cosmology; The creation of man; The head is one world -- Kabbalah. The beginning; The universe: shell and kernel; The first light; Creation of man -- The martyrdom of Isaiah (Jewish pseudepigrapha) -- The fourth book of Maccabees: concerning the sovereignty of reason (Jewish pseudepigrapha). The martyrdom of Eleazar, his wife, and seven sons -- The passion of Perpetua and Felicity (Christian acts of martyrdom) -- The story of Ahikar (Jewish pseudepigrapha) -- The genesis apocryphon (Dead Sea scrolls) -- The manual of discipline (Dead Sea scrolls) -- The Damascus document (Dead Sea scrolls) -- The war of the sons of light with the sons of darkness (Dead Sea Scrolls) -- The letter of Aristeas (Jewish pseudepigrapha). On the translation of the Septuagint -- The psalms of Solomon (Jewish pseudepigrapha). Psalm 16 -- The thanksgiving psalms (Dead Sea scrolls). Psalm 1; Psalm 4; Psalm 5; Psalm 6; Psalm 8; Psalm 9; Psalm 10; Psalm 11; Psalm 14; Psalm 15; Psalm 23; Psalm 25 -- The odes of Solomon (Jewish pseudepigrapha, Jewish Christian). Ode 1; Ode 3; Ode 4; Ode 5; Ode 6; Ode 7; Ode 11; Ode 12; Ode 14; Ode 15; Ode 16; Ode 17; Ode 18; Ode 19; Ode 21; Ode 24; Ode 29; Ode 30; Ode 34; Ode 35; Ode 38; Ode 41; Ode 42

The gospel of truth and the Valentinian speculation (Gnostic). The gospel of truth -- The gospel of Thomas (Gnostic) -- The hymn of the pearl (Gnostic) -- Manichaean hymn-cycles (Gnostic). From the Govishn ig griv zindag; From the Parthian hymn-cycles -- The Coptic psalm-book (Manichaean Gnostic). Let us worship the spirit of the Paraclete; Joy came over me -- The gospel of the Hebrews (Jewish-Christian) -- The gospel of the Ebionites (Jewish-Christian) -- The secret gospel of Mark (Christian Apocrypha) -- The Apocryphon of James (Gnostic) -- The gospel of Bartholomew (Christian Apocrypha) -- The gospel of Nicodemus (Christian Apocrypha). The acts of Pilate; Christ's decent into Hell; The Paradosis; The Pistis Sophia: concerning the union of the child Jesus with the spirit (Gnostic) -- The infancy gospel of James (The birth of Mary) (Christian Apocrypha). The infancy gospel of James (Protevangelium Jacobi) (The birth of Mary) -- The infancy gospel of pseudo-Matthew: the book about the origin of the Blessed Mary and the childhood of the Savior (Christian Apocrypha). The infancy gospel of pseudo-Matthew -- The infancy gospel of Thomas (Christian Apocrypha) -- A Latin infancy gospel: the birth of Jesus (Christian Apocrypha) -- The Arabic infancy gospel: the children who were changed into goats (Christian Apocrypha) -- The Apocryphal acts of the apostles and the acts of John -- The acts of John (Christian Apocrypha). From Miletus to Ephesus; First stay in Ephesus; The portrait of John; Christ's earthly appearance; Revelation of the mystery of the cross; The destruction of the Temple of Artemis; Resurrection of the Priest of Artemis; Encounter with a parricide; The obedient bugs; The death of John -- The acts of Peter (Christian Apocrypha). Peter's daughter; The gardener's daughter; Marcellus; Peter's miracles and first attacks on Simon; Peter's vision and narrative about Simon; The contest with Simon in the forum; The martyrdom of the Holy Apostle Peter -- The acts of Paul (Christian Apocrypha). Acts of Paul and Thecla; Paul in Ephesus; Martyrdom of the Holy Apostle Paul; The beginning of the stay in Ephesus -- The acts of Andrew (Christian Apocrypha). Reconstructed text of the martyrdom -- The acts of Thomas (Christian Apocrypha). How the lord sold him to the merchant Abban; Concerning his coming to King Gundaphorus; Concerning the serpent; Concerning the youth who had murdered the maiden; Martyrdom of the Holy and Esteemed Apostle Thomas

The book of Enoch (1 Enoch) (Jewish pseudepigrapha). Enoch's dream vision of Heaven, the watchers, and the giants; Enoch's journeys through Sheol (Hell) and Heaven -- The book of the secrets of Enoch (2 Enoch) (Jewish pseudepigrapha). Enoch's life and dream; Ascension into the heavens -- The Sibylline oracles (Jewish pseudepigrapha) -- The apocalypse of Baruch (2 Baruch) (Jewish pseudepigrapha). Baruch's lament over Zion; The vision of the forest, the vine, the fountain, and the cedar; The angel Ramiel speaks of the coming of the bright lightning, the Messiah -- The apocalypse of Ezra (4 Ezra) (Jewish pseudepigrapha). The seer speaks of the signs which precede the end; The angel speaks; The man from the sea (sixth version) -- The ascension of Isiah (Christian Apocrypha). The ascension of Isaiah; The vision which Isaiah the son of Amoz saw -- Apocalypse of Peter (Christian Apocrypha). The day of judgement; Akhmim -- Apocalypse of Paul (Christian Apocrypha) -- Apocalypse of Thomas (Christian Apocrypha) -- Christian Sibyllines (Christian Apocrypha). End of Book 1; Book II; Book VI: hymn to Christ; Jesus Christ, Son of God, Redeemer, Cross; Prophetia Sibillae Magae (Fourth or fifth century) (Mundus origo mea est) -- Hermes Trismegistus: Poimandres (Pagan Gnostic) -- Hermes Trismegistus: Asclepius (Pagan Gnostic) -- Hermes Trismegistus: On God's bisexuality (Pagan Gnostic) -- The book of Thomas the contender (Gnostic) -- Trimorphic Protennoia (Gnostic) -- The thunder, perfect mind (Gnostic)

DIVERSE GNOSTIC TEXTS: -- Simon Magus. Conversion of Simon the Sorcerer; Commentaries -- Valentinus and the Valentinian system of Ptolemaeus. The Valentinian system of Ptolemaeus -- Ptolemaeus' letter to Flora -- Basilides. Basilides; Basilides' system -- The Naassene psalm -- Baruch by Justin -- Marcion -- Carpocrates. Carpocrates; Epiphanes, concerning righteousness (justice) -- The Cainites -- The Sethians -- The Sethian-Ophites -- Ophite diagrams

MANICHAEAN AND MANDAEAN GNOSTIC TEXTS: -- Mani and Manichaeism. Synopsis of the entire system according to Augustine -- Faust concerning good and evil -- Augustine's letters against the Manichaeans. Epistula 236.2 -- From other letters of Augustine on the Manichaeans. From Contra epistulam fundamenti, 8, 12, 13, 15; From De natura boni, 42, 46 -- Evodius, against the Manichaeans. Evodius, against the Manichaeans 28.5 -- The Kephalaia of the teacher. Concerning the three blows struck at the enemy on account of the light -- Diverse Manichaean documents. The religion that I, Mani, have chosen; Mani's death; Visions of Paradise in Manichaean missionary history; The light of Paradise; Prayer to Mani and other poems -- Mandaean salvation and ethics. Soteriology (salvation of the soul); Song of ascent; Ethics and morality (Mandaean) -- The divine throne-chariot (Dead Sea scrolls) -- The Zohar, the book of radiance (Kabbalah). Highest grade of faith; Midnight; A seal upon your heart; The ten Sefirot; The destiny of the soul; The three aspects of the soul; Hymns in Heaven; God's love; The Rose of Sharon; The Tree of Life -- The mystical theology of pseudo-Dionysius (Christian). What is the divine gloom?; How we ought both to be united and render praise to the cause of all and above all -- Plotinus, the Enneads (Pagan). The ascent to union with the One

The origins of Christianity; sources and documents by Kee, Howard Clark, compiler. Publication date 1973

Introduction -- HISTORICAL SOURCES. POLITICAL HISTORY. Judaism. I Maccabbees (from the rise of the Maccabees to the decline of the Hasmoneans) -- Josephus: antiquities of the Jews (the end of the Hasmoneans and the conquest of Palestine by Rome; Antipater and the Herodian line) -- Josephus: Jewish Wars (Jewish nationalism: the first and second revolts against Rome) -- Roman policy in the Eastern provinces. (Toward Judaism) -- Josephus: antiquities (Caesar Augustus' political arrangements in Palestine) -- Philo of Alexandria: ad Gaium (conflict between Jews and Gaius Caligula) -- (Toward Christianity) -- Pliny's letter to the Emperor Trajan

RELIGIOUS HISTORY. Jewish religious institutions and practices. The feasts: Passover-Mishnah: Mo'ed (Pashin); Hanukah-Mishnah: Mo'ed (Megilla) -- The temple -- Josephus: Jewish Wars -- The Scriptures for the Diaspora -- letter of Aristeas -- The imperial cult in the east. Decree of the Synod of the province of Asia -- Popular religion in the early empire (initiation into the mysteries and syncretistic savior cults). Apuleius: Metamorphoses -- Dedicatory inscription -- Letter honoring Serapis -- Magical incantations. The Church in the apostolic age. Eusebius: ecclesiastical history -- MEANING IN HISTORY -- Jewish apocalyptic: Jubilees. Jewish mystical: Philo of Alexandria. Hellenistic Ethical: IV Maccabees. Roman Eschatological: Virgil Eclogue IV

LITERARY TEXTS AND FOLK-LITERARY SOURCES. LITERARY TEXTS. Wisdom and its mediators. Wisdom of Ben Sira -- Wisdom of Solomon -- Jewish interpretation of Scripture. Paraphrases and expansion of the Scriptural narratives. Targum of pseudo-Jonathan -- Midrash Sifre on Numbers -- Midrash Mechlita on Exodus -- Allegorical interpretation of Scripture: Philo on the cherubim non-rabbinic midrash: Genesis Apocryphon -- Midrash Pesher -- Biblical antiquities of pseudo-Philo -- Jewish legal interpretation. Concerning proselytes -- The poor, the rich, and the wicked -- Authority in interpretation -- Oral law -- Judicial procedures -- Death penalty -- Eschatological texts. Pharisaic nationalistic texts: the psalms of Solomon -- Apocalyptic texts: testaments of the twelve patriarchs, I Enoch, IV Ezra, Qumran texts: The Dead Sea scrolls, The war of the children of light and the children of darkness -- Popular tales and biographical narratives. Popular 'lives' of great men (Chria): (Diogenes Laertius: Socrates; Digogenes of Sinope, Rabbinic anecdotes, Philostratus: life of Apollonius of Tyana, Lucian of Samosata: Alexander the false prophet) -- Miracle stories: (rabbinic miracle stories, Philostratus: Apollonius of Tyana -- Parables: (Talmudic sources) -- Hellenistic ethical and philosophical texts. Diogenes Laertius: Zeno -- Epictetus -- Revelatory and gnostic texts. Hermetica -- The Odes of Solomon -- The Gospel of Thomas -- The acts of Thomas (hymn of the pearl) -- NONLITERARY MATERIAL FROM THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN. Inscriptions from the Eastern Mediterranean. Personal letters

Books on Travels

Pirates and buccaneers of the Atlantic coast: by Snow, Edward Rowe

PART ONE: NEW ENGLAND PIRATES -- Captain Bellamy, Wrecked at Cape Cod -- Captain Quelch, who brought gold to New England -- William Fly, Hanged in Boston -- Ashton, Whose story surpasses Robinson Crusoe -- Thomas Pound, who escaped the hangman's noose -- Thomas Tew of Newport, aided by New York's governor -- Captain Phillips, whose head was pickled -- Other New England Pirates -- Dixie Bull, the first New England pirate -- Thomas Veal, the pirate of Dungeon Rock -- First pirates hanged in Boston -- Joseph Bradish -- The last pirates executed in Boston -- PART TWO: CHESAPEAKE BAY TO FLORIDA -- Captain George Lowther -- Captain Edward Low, the infamous Buccaneer -- Captain Francis Spriggs, active off Florida's coast -- Charles Harris, hanged with his crew at Newport

PART THREE: NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, AND SOUTHWARD -- Captain William Kidd, "Innocentest" of them all -- Teach, Alias Blackbeard, the most ferocious pirate -- Major Stede Bonnet, the gentleman pirate -- Charles Gibbs, who was hanged at New York -- The pirates executed at Philadelphia -- PART FOUR: THE WOMEN PIRATES -- Alwida and Mrs. Ching -- Mary Read and Ann Bonney, who loved and fought -- PART FIVE: NEWFOUNLAND AND NOVA SCOTIA -- Bartholomew Roberts, the pirate Cavalier -- The husband and wife pirates -- PART SIX: SEARCHING FOR BURIED PIRATES TREASURE -- The lure of pirate gold -- Pirate treasure found near Boothbay, Maine -- Successful Cape Cod pirate treasure hunt

Buccaneers and pirates: by Stockton, Frank R., 1834-1902. True tales of history's sea-faring scoundrels and their daring deeds, Buccaneers and Pirates recounts the legends of the notorious brigands who plundered North American coasts from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries. Meet Blackbeard, who reveled in shooting down members of his own crew; Henry Morgan, the infamous pirate who eventually became Deputy-Governor of Jamaica; and Jean Lafitte, master of an enormously profitable piracy ring — even though he only boarded a ship twice in his life. Recount the horrors of the most infamous buccaneer of them all, Captain Kidd, whose evil exploits continue to raise goose bumps. You'll also become acquainted with a cast of lesser known — but equally intriguing — pirates, including two women whose courage and cunning were a match for any man's. Often humorous, sometimes chilling, yet always fascinating, these authentic stories form a wonderfully readable history of piracy's beginnings and its rapid spread through the coastal waters of the New World.

A voyage to the South sea, undertaken by command of His Majesty, for the purpose of conveying the bread-fruit tree to the West Indies, in His Majesty's ship the Bounty, commanded by Lieutenant William Bligh. Including an account of the mutiny on board the said ship, and the subsequent voyage of part of the crew, in the ship's boat, from Tofoa, one of the Friendly islands, to Timor, a Dutch settlement in the East Indies .. by Bligh, William, 1754-1817. cn

"Ibn Fadlan and the land of darkness : Arab travellers in the far north" by Ibn Faḍlān, Aḥmad, active 922.

"In 922 AD, an Arab envoy from Baghdad named Ibn Fadlan encountered a party of Viking traders on the upper reaches of the Volga River. In his subsequent report on his mission he gave a meticulous and astonishingly objective description of Viking customs, dress, table manners, religion and sexual practices, as well as the only eyewitness account ever written of a Viking ship cremation. Between the ninth and fourteenth centuries, Arab travellers such as Ibn Fadlan journeyed widely and frequently into the far north, crossing territories that now include Russia, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Their fascinating accounts describe how the numerous tribes and peoples they encountered traded furs, paid tribute and waged wars. This accessible new translation offers an illuminating insight into the world of the Arab geographers, and the medieval lands of the far north."

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